cotton plant

ワタ

関

cotton、Gossypium、Gossypium hirsutum

WordNet

1. herbs and shrubs and small trees: cotton (同)genus Gossypium
2. place something or someone in a certain position in order to secretly observe or deceive; "Plant a spy in Moscow"; "plant bugs in the dissidents apartment"
3. (botany) a living organism lacking the power of locomotion (同)flora, plant life
4. buildings for carrying on industrial labor; "they built a large plant to manufacture automobiles" (同)works, industrial plant
5. an actor situated in the audience whose acting is rehearsed but seems spontaneous to the audience
6. something planted secretly for discovery by another; "the police used a plant to trick the thieves"; "he claimed that the evidence against him was a plant"
7. put firmly in the mind; "Plant a thought in the students minds" (同)implant
8. put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground; "Lets plant flowers in the garden" (同)set
9. place into a river; "plant fish"
10. make plans for something; "He is planning a trip with his family"
11. scale drawing of a structure; "the plans for City Hall were on file" (同)architectural plan
12. a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished; "they drew up a six-step plan"; "they discussed plans for a new bond issue" (同)program, programme
13. have the will and intention to carry out some action; "He plans to be in graduate school next year"; "The rebels had planned turmoil and confusion" (同)be after
14. make or work out a plan for; devise; "They contrived to murder their boss"; "design a new sales strategy"; "plan an attack" (同)project, contrive, design
15. take a liking to; "cotton to something"
16. soft silky fibers from cotton plants in their raw state (同)cotton_fiber, cotton_wool
17. erect bushy mallow plant or small tree bearing bolls containing seeds with many long hairy fibers (同)cotton_plant
18. fabric woven from cotton fibers
19. thread made of cotton fibers
20. putting seeds or young plants in the ground to grow; "the planting of corn is hard work"
21. the act of fixing firmly in place; "he ordered the planting of policemen outside every doorway"
22. a collection of plants (trees or shrubs or flowers) in a particular area; "the landscape architect suggested a small planting in the northwest corner"
23. set in the soil for growth

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (動物に対して)『植物』,草木・(樹木に対して)『草』,草本(そうほん)( 木部があまり発達せず地上部が一年で枯れる植物)・苗,苗木・生産設備,工場,プラント設備,装置・《俗》(人をおとしいれる)わな,おとり / 〈苗など〉‘を'『植える』,〈種〉‘を'まく・(植物を) ‘に'植える《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…に)〈思想など〉‘を'植えつける《+『名』+『in』+『名』》・《場所の副詞[句]を伴って》(ある場所)…‘を'しっかりと置く(すえる,立てる) / ・〈工場・生産設備など〉‘を'建設する・《俗》〈スパイ〉‘を'送りこむ,〈わな〉‘を'仕掛ける・（嫌疑がかかるように）こっそり置く
2. 『計画』,『案』,プラン,設計 / 『設計図』,『図面』;(小区域の)地図,市街図 / …‘を'『計画する』,‘の'案を立てる / …の設計図をかく,‘を'設計する / 計画を立てる
3. 『綿』,綿花 / 綿の木(cotton plant) / 『綿布』,もめん / 綿糸,もめん糸 / 綿製の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/14 23:38:42」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

"Cotton plant" redirects here. For the city in the United States, see Cotton Plant, Arkansas.

For information on cotton production, industry, history, and applications, see cotton.

Cotton plant
Flower of Gossypium herbaceum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Malvales
Family:	Malvaceae
Subfamily:	Malvoideae
Tribe:	Gossypieae
Genus:	Gossypium L.
Species
See text.
Synonyms
Erioxylum Rose & Standl. Ingenhouzia DC. Notoxylinon Lewton Selera Ulbr. Sturtia R.Br. Thurberia A.Gray Ultragossypium Roberty

Gossypium is the cotton genus. It belongs to the tribe Gossypieae, in the mallow family, Malvaceae, native to the tropical and subtropical regions from both the Old and New World. The genus Gossypium comprises around 50 species, making it the largest in species number in the tribe Gossypioieae. New species continue to be discovered. The name of the genus is derived from the Arabic word goz, which refers to a soft substance.

Cotton is the primary natural fibre used by modern humans. Cultivated cotton is also a major oilseed crop, as well as a main protein source for animal feed. Cotton plants thus have an enormous weight in the world economy and are of great importance for the agriculture, industry and trade of many tropical and subtropical countries in Africa, South America and Asia. Consequently, the genus Gossypium has long attracted the attention of scientists.

The origin of the genus Gossypium is dated to around 5-10 million years ago. Gossypium species are distributed in arid to semiarid regions of the tropics and subtropics. Generally shrubs or shrub-like plants, the species of this genus are extraordinarily diverse in morphology and adaptation, ranging from fire-adapted, herbaceous perennials in Australia to trees in Mexico.

Cultivated cottons are perennial shrubs most often grown as annuals. Plants are 1–2 m high in modern cropping systems, sometimes higher in traditional, multiannual cropping systems, now largely disappearing. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes. The seeds are contained in a capsule called a "boll", each seed surrounded by fibres of two types. These fibres are the more commercially interesting part of the plant and they are separated from the seed by a process called ginning. At the first ginning, the longer fibres, called staples, are removed and these are twisted together to form yarn for making thread and weaving into high quality textiles. At the second ginning, the shorter fibres, called "linters", are removed, and these are woven into lower quality textiles (which include the eponymous Lint). Commercial species of cotton plant are G. hirsutum (>90% of world production), G. barbadense (3-4%), G. arboreum and G. herbaceum (together, 2%). Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of these species. Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as resistance to insects and diseases, and drought tolerance. Cotton fibres occur naturally in colours of white, brown, green, and some mixing of these.

Most wild cottons are diploid, but a group of five species from America and Pacific islands are tetraploid, apparently due to a single hybridization event around 1.5 to 2 million years ago. The tetraploid species are G. hirsutum, G. tomentosum, G. mustelinum, G. barbadense, and G. darwinii.

Selected species

Subgenus Gossypium

• Gossypium arboreum L. – tree cotton (India and Pakistan)
• Gossypium herbaceum L. – Levant cotton (southern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula)

Subgenus Houzingenia

• Gossypium raimondii Ulbr. – one of the putative progenitor species of tetraploid cotton, alongside G. arboreum
• Gossypium thurberi Tod. – Arizona wild cotton (Arizona and northern Mexico)

Subgenus Karpas

• Gossypium barbadense L. – Creole cotton (tropical South America)
• Gossypium darwinii G.Watt – Darwin's cotton (Galápagos Islands)
• Gossypium hirsutum L. – upland cotton (Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean and southern Florida)
• Gossypium mustelinum Miers ex G.Watt
• Gossypium tomentosum Nutt. ex Seem – Maʻo or Hawaiian cotton (Hawaii)

Subgenus Sturtia

• Gossypium australe F.Muell (northwestern Australia)
• Gossypium sturtianum J.H. Willis – Sturt's desert rose (Australia)

Formerly placed in genus Gossypium

• Gossypioides brevilanatum (Hochr.) J.B.Hutch. (as G. brevilanatum Hochr.)
• Gossypioides kirkii (Mast.) J.B.Hutch. (as Gossypium kirkii Mast.)
• Kokia drynarioides (Seem.) Lewton (as G. drynarioides Seem.)

Gossypium genome

A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, allotetraploid cotton. "Allotetraploid" means that the genomes of these cotton species comprise two distinct subgenomes, referred to as the At and Dt (the 't' for tetraploid, to distinguish them from the A and D genomes of the related diploid species). The strategy is to sequence first the D-genome relative of allotetraploid cottons, G. raimondii, a wild South American (Peru, Ecuador) cotton species, because of its smaller size due essentially to less repetitive DNA (retrotransposons mainly). It has nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once. The A genome of G. arboreum, the 'Old-World' cotton species (grown in India in particular), would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of G. raimondii's. Once both A and D genome sequences are assembled, then research could begin to sequence the actual genomes of tetraploid cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assembly independently into A and D sequences, respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.

The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids, as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x. They announced they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.

Cotton pests and diseases

Cotton field in Sukhumi botanical garden, photo circa 1912

Pests

• Boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis
• Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii
• Cotton stainer, Dysdercus koenigii
• Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, and native budworm, Helicoverpa punctigera, are caterpillars that damage cotton crops.

• Some other Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) larvae also feed on cotton - see list of Lepidoptera that feed on cotton plants.

• Green mirid (Creontiades dilutus), a sucking insect
• Spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, T. ludeni and T. lambi
• Thrips, Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella schultzei

Diseases

See also: List of cotton diseases

• Alternaria leaf spot, caused by Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata
• Anthracnose boll rot, caused by Colletotrichum gossypii
• Black root rot, caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis basicola
• Blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum
• Fusarium boll rot caused by Fusarium spp.
• Phytophthora boll rot, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica
• Sclerotinia boll rot, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
• Stigmatomycosis, caused by the fungi Ashbya gossypii, Eremothecium coryli, (Nematospora coryli) and Aureobasidium pullulans

Gallery

• A Gossypium hirsutum flower, lateral view, growing in Barcelona

• The same G. hirsutum plant with the opening capsule

• G. hirsutum flower with bumblebee pollinator, Hemingway, South Carolina

• G. tomentosum boll

• Integrated pest management bollworm trap at a cotton field in Manning, South Carolina

• Natural biocontrol: predatory Polistes wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on cotton plant in Hemingway, South Carolina

See also

• Cotton

References

External links

• Central Institute for Cotton Research in India.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Genetic Diversity of the Two Commercial Tetraploid Cotton Species in the Gossypium Diversity Reference Set.

• Hinze LL1, Gazave E2, Gore MA2, Fang DD2, Scheffler BE2, Yu JZ2, Jones DC2, Frelichowski J2, Percy RG2.
• The Journal of heredity.J Hered.2016 May;107(3):274-86. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esw004. Epub 2016 Jan 16.
• A diversity reference set has been constructed for the Gossypium accessions in the US National Cotton Germplasm Collection to facilitate more extensive evaluation and utilization of accessions held in the Collection. A set of 105 mapped simple sequence repeat markers was used to study the allelic di
• PMID 26774060

• Fiber from ramie plant (Boehmeria nivea): A novel suture biomaterial.

• Kandimalla R1, Kalita S1, Choudhury B1, Devi D2, Kalita D3, Kalita K4, Dash S5, Kotoky J6.
• Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2016 May 1;62:816-22. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.040. Epub 2016 Feb 16.
• The quest for developing an ideal suture material prompted our interest to develop a novel suture with advantageous characters to market available ones. From natural origin only silk, cotton and linen fibers are presently available in market as non-absorbable suture biomaterials. In this study, we h
• PMID 26952488

• Novel three-dimensional cellulose produced from trunk of Astragalus gummifer (Fabaceae) tested for protein adsorption performance.

• Kaya M1, Odabasi M2, Mujtaba M3, Sen M2, Bulut E3, Akyuz B3.
• Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2016 May 1;62:144-51. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.047. Epub 2016 Jan 22.
• This is the first study to produce three-dimensional (3D) cellulose from any plant up to now. This 3D cellulose was produced from Astragalus gummifer(Fabaceae) trunk by using a modified method in which original the shape of cellulose was kept as natural. This novel 3D cellulose was characterized by
• PMID 26952408

Japanese Journal

• 植物色素で染めた綿布の紫外線遮蔽効果

• 森 俊夫/斎藤 益美,斎藤 益美
• 岐阜女子大学紀要 44, 25-29, 2015-01-31
• NAID 110009889944

• Cytogenetical Investigations in Colchicine-Induced Tetraploids of Brassica fruticulosa: An Important Wild Relative of Cultivated Brassicas

• , , , , ,
• CYTOLOGIA 80(2), 223-230, 2015
• … fruticulosa were treated with different concentrations of aqueous colchicine using the cotton-swab method for 8–15 h for 2 to 3 d. … Significant enhancement in morphological traits as revealed in colchicine-induced plants and normal meiotic behaviour leading to a good seed set may ultimately result in providing the plant breeder with more variability. …
• NAID 130005074306

• ワタアブラムシのイミダクロプリド抵抗性系統が示す交差抵抗性と生化学的特徴

• , , [他], , ,
• Journal of Pesticide Science 40(2), 55-59, 2015
• The imidacloprid-resistant strain of Aphis gossypii (RF60) was further selected with imidacloprid to establish the more resistant strain (RF75). After the selection for 15 generations, the resistance …
• NAID 130005073197

Related Links

• Cotton Plant - Different parts of Cotton Plants

The cotton plant belongs to the genus Gossypium of the family Malvaceae (mallow family); the same family as hollyhock, okra and hibiscus. It is generally a shrubby plant having broad three-lobed leaves and seeds in capsules, or ...

• cotton plant definition of cotton plant in the Free Online ...

cotton, most important of the vegetable fibers, and the plant from which the fiber is harvested. The Cotton Plant The cotton plant belongs to the genus Gossypium of the family Malvaceae (mallow mallow, common name for members of ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ワタ」「Gossypium hirsutum」「Gossypium」
関連記事	「plan」「cotton」「plant」「planting」

「ワタ」

　　[★]

英

cotton、cotton plant、Gossypium、Gossypium hirsutum

関

綿、リクチメン

「Gossypium hirsutum」

　　[★]

ワタ、(陸地綿とも書く)クチメン

関

cotton、cotton plant、Gossypium

「Gossypium」

　　[★]

ワタ、綿

関

cotton、cotton plant、Gossypium hirsutum

　

「plan」

　　[★]

• n.

• 計画、予定、プラン

• v.

• 計画する、予定する

関

design、destine、enterprise、planning、predetermine、program、programme、project、prospective、schedule、schema、scheme

　 　 　 　 　 　

「cotton」

　　[★]

• n.

• 綿、ワタ

関

cotton plant、Gossypium、Gossypium hirsutum

　 　 　 　 　 　

「plant」

　　[★]

• n.

• 植物、プラント

関

phyto

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「planting」

　　[★]

• n.

• 定植

関

populate