n.

(偶然の)一致、同時発生、併発

関: accompany、accord、accordance、agree、agreement、coincide、concert、concerted、concordance、concur、concurrence、concurrent、conform、congruence、congruent、consensus、consistent、consonant、correspond、correspondence、corresponding、fit、involvement、match、simultaneous、supervene、synchronize、unanimous、unity

WordNet

the quality of occupying the same position or area in space; "he waited for the coincidence of the target and the cross hairs"
an event that might have been arranged although it was really accidental (同)happenstance
be similar, be in line with
involving or characterized by harmony (同)harmonic, harmonical, harmonized, harmonised
a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken consonant
a speech sound that is not a vowel
happen simultaneously; "The two events coincided" (同)coincide
provide funds complementary to; "The company matched the employees contributions"
the score needed to win a match
lighter consisting of a thin piece of wood or cardboard tipped with combustible chemical; ignites with friction; "he always carries matches to light his pipe"; "as long youve a lucifer to light your fag" (同)lucifer, friction match
an exact duplicate; "when a match is found an entry is made in the notebook" (同)mate
a burning piece of wood or cardboard; "if you drop a match in there the whole place will explode"
a formal contest in which two or more persons or teams compete
something that resembles or harmonizes with; "that tie makes a good match with your jacket"
make correspond or harmonize; "Match my sweater" (同)fit
be compatible, similar or consistent; coincide in their characteristics; "The two stories dont agree in many details"; "The handwriting checks with the signature on the check"; "The suspects fingerprints dont match those on the gun" (同)fit, correspond, check, jibe, gibe, tally, agree
bring two objects, ideas, or people together; "This fact is coupled to the other one"; "Matchmaker, can you match my daughter with a nice young man?"; "The student was paired with a partner for collaboration on the project" (同)mate, couple, pair, twin
be equal or harmonize; "The two pieces match"
give or join in marriage
physically and mentally sound or healthy; "felt relaxed and fit after their holiday"; "keeps fit with diet and exercise"
a display of bad temper; "he had a fit"; "she threw a tantrum"; "he made a scene" (同)tantrum, scene, conniption
insert or adjust several objects or people; "Can you fit the toy into the box?"; "This man cant fit himself into our work environment"
make fit; "fit a dress"; "He fitted other pieces of paper to his cut-out"
the manner in which something fits; "I admired the fit of her coat"
be the right size or shape; fit correctly or as desired; "This piece wont fit into the puzzle" (同)go
(usually followed by `to or `for' (同)primed, set
conform to some shape or size; "How does this shirt fit?"
meeting adequate standards for a purpose; "a fit subject for discussion"; "it is fit and proper that you be there"; "water fit to drink"; "fit for duty"; "do as you see fit to"
show grammatical agreement; "Subjects and verbs must always agree in English"
be in accord; be in agreement; "We agreed on the terms of the settlement"; "I cant agree with you!"; "I hold with those who say life is sacred"; "Both philosophers concord on this point" (同)hold, concur, concord
achieve harmony of opinion, feeling, or purpose; "No two of my colleagues would agree on whom to elect chairman"
be agreeable or suitable; "White wine doesnt agree with me"
consent or assent to a condition, or agree to do something; "She agreed to all my conditions"; "He agreed to leave her alone"
compatibility of observations; "there was no agreement between theory and measurement"; "the results of two tests were in correspondence" (同)correspondence
harmony of peoples opinions or actions or characters; "the two parties were in agreement" (同)accord
the determination of grammatical inflection on the basis of word relations (同)concord
the thing arranged or agreed to; "they made arrangements to meet in Chicago" (同)arrangement
the statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises; "they had an agreement that they would not interfere in each others business"; "there was an understanding between management and the workers" (同)understanding
the verbal act of agreeing
sympathetic compatibility
allow to have; "grant a privilege" (同)allot, grant
concurrence of opinion; "we are in accord with your proposal" (同)conformity, accordance

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(事件などの)同時発生《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉偶然の一致,符合;〈C〉一致(符合)したもの(事)
(慣例・規範などに)『従って行動する』(『考える』)《+『to』(『with』)+『名』》・〈物事が〉(…と)一鋳する,符合する《+『to』+『名』》・(…に)…'を'一致させる,適応させる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》
子音,子音字 / 《文》(…と)調和する,一致する《+『with』(『to』)+『名』》 / 協和音の / 子音の
(…と)同意見である,(…に)同意する《+『with』(『in』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈事が〉同時に起こる
(…と)同時に起こる(発生する)《+『with』+『名』》 / (線などが)同一点に集合する / (意見などが)一致した,同一の
(1本の)『まっち』 / (昔の)火縄[銃]
《単数形で》(…に)『匹敵する相手』,(…の)好敵手《+『for』+『名』》 / 《単数形で》対[の一方],片われ,生き写し / 《単数形で》(…と)『よくつり合うもの』《+『for』+『名』》 / 『試合』,競技 / 《古》縁組,結婚;結婚相手 / (…で)…‘に'『匹敵する』,‘と'対等である《+『名』+『in』(『for』)+『名』》 / (…と)…‘を'対抗させる,試合させる《+『名』+『against』(『with』)+『名』》 / 〈物が〉…‘と'『調和する』,つり合う / 〈人が〉…‘に'調和するものを見つける / 《古》(…と)…‘を'結婚させる《+『名』+『to』(『with』)+『名』》 / (…と)『調和がとれている』,つり合う《+『up with』+『名』》
『適した』,適切な,ぴったりの / 《補語にのみ用いて》よい調子で;健康で / 《be fit to do》いまにも…しそうである《explode,burst,fall,dropなど危険な意 / を含む動詞と共に用いる》 / 〈意図・目的など〉‘に'『合う』,ふさわしい / (…に)…‘を'『合わせる』,はめ込む,取り付ける《+『名』+『to』(『into,in,on』)+『名』》;(…を)…‘に'合わせる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈人〉‘に'資格をつける,‘を'適させる / 適する,合う(服・靴などの)でき具合;体に合うもの / 〈U〉適合,対応
(病気の)『発作』 / (感情などの)『一時的な爆発』《+『of』+『名』》
〈人が〉『意見が一致する』,合意する;『同意する』,賛成する / 〈物事が〉(…と)合致する,一致する《+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)いっしょにうまくやる《+『with』+『名』》 / (文章で)〈人称・性・数・格が〉一致する / …に意見が一致する,同意する
〈U〉(意見・感情などの)(…についての)『一致』,調和,同意《+『on』(『upon,about,with』)+『名』(『wh-節・句』)》 / 〈C〉(2者以上の間で結ばれた)『協定』,協約 / 〈U〉(人称・性・格の)一致(concord)
(…と)『一致する』,調和する《+『with』+『名』(『wh-』節)》 / 〈許可・賞賛・歓迎など〉'を'与える / 〈U〉(…との)『一致』,調和(harmony)《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈C〉国際協定,講和 / 〈U〉〈C〉和音,協和音;(色の)調和

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/23 15:12:02」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Coincidence (disambiguation).

It is no great wonder if in long process of time, while fortune takes her course hither and thither, numerous coincidences should spontaneously occur.

—Plutarch. Plutarch's Lives: Vol. II. "Sertorius"

A coincidence (often stated as a mere coincidence) is a collection of two or more events or conditions, closely related by time, space, form, or other associations which appear unlikely to bear a relationship as either cause to effect or effects of a shared cause, within the observer's or observers' understanding of what cause can produce what effects.

The word is derived from the Latin cum- ("with", "together") and incidere (a composed verb from "in" and "cadere": "to fall on", "to happen"). In science, the term is generally used in a more literal translation, e.g., referring to when two rays of light strike a surface at the same point at the same time. In this usage of coincidence, there is no implication that the alignment of events is surprising, noteworthy or non-causal.

From a statistical perspective, coincidences are inevitable and often less remarkable than they may appear intuitively. An example is the birthday problem, where the probability of two individuals sharing a birthday already exceeds 50% with a group of only 23.^[1]

A "strange coincidence", to use a phrase
By which such things are settled nowadays.

—Lord Byron. Don Juan. Canto vi. Stanza 78.

Computer—simulation of alignments

4-point alignments of 269 random points, 4 or more points that align in 607 different straight lines.

Main article: Alignments of random points

Alignments of random points, as shown by statistics, can be found when a large number of random points are marked on a bounded flat surface. This might be used to show that ley lines exist due to chance alone (as opposed to supernatural or anthropological explanations).

Computer simulations show that random points on a plane tend to form alignments similar to those found by ley hunters, also suggesting that ley lines may be generated by chance. This phenomenon occurs regardless of whether the points are generated pseudo-randomly by computer, or from data sets of mundane features such as pizza restaurants. It is easy to find alignments of 4 to 8 points in reasonably small data sets.

Coincidences vs. caused events

Measuring the probability of any series of coincidences is the most common method of evaluating and determining mere coincidence or connected causality.

The mathematically naive person seems to have a more acute awareness than the specialist of the basic paradox of probability theory, over which philosophers have puzzled ever since Pascal initiated that branch of science [1654] (for the purpose of improving the gambling prospects of a philosopher friend, the Chevalier de Méré). The paradox consists, loosely speaking, in the fact that probability theory is able to predict with uncanny precision the overall outcome of processes made up out of a large number of individual happenings, each of which in itself is unpredictable. In other words, we observe a large number of uncertainties producing a certainty, a large number of chance events creating a lawful total outcome.

—Arthur Koestler, The Roots of Coincidence^[2]

"... it is only the manipulation of uncertainty that interests us. We are not concerned with the matter that is uncertain. Thus we do not study the mechanism of rain; only whether it will rain."

—Dennis Lindley, "The Philosophy of Statistics", The Statistician (2000)

To establish cause and effect (causality) is notoriously difficult, expressed by the widely accepted statement "correlation does not imply causation". In statistics, it is generally accepted that observational studies can give hints, but can never establish cause and effect. With the probability paradox considered, it would seem that the larger the set of coincidences, the more certainty rises and the more it appears that there is some cause behind the effects of this large-set certainty of random, coincidental events.

Interpretation

NASA STEREO-B spacecraft was a million miles from Earth when it shot this video of the Moon transiting the Sun. When we observe a lunar transit from Earth, the Moon appears to be the same size as the Sun, a coincidence that produces solar eclipses.

1999 Solar eclipse

A coincidence lacks a definite causal connection. Any given set of coincidences may be just a form of synchronicity, that being the experience of events which are causally unrelated, and yet their occurring together carries meaning to the person observing the events. (In order to count as synchronicity, the events should be unlikely to occur together by chance).

The Jung-Pauli theory of "synchronicity", conceived by a physicist and a psychologist, both eminent in their fields, represents perhaps the most radical departure from the world-view of mechanistic science in our time. Yet they had a precursor, whose ideas had a considerable influence on Jung: the Austrian biologist Paul Kammerer, a wild genius who committed suicide in 1926, at the age of forty-five.

—Arthur Koestler^[3]

One of Kammerer's passions was collecting coincidences. He published a book with the title Das Gesetz der Serie (The Law of the Series; never translated into English), in which he recounted 100 or so anecdotes of coincidences that had led him to formulate his theory of Seriality.

He postulated that all events are connected by waves of seriality. These unknown forces would cause what we would perceive as just the peaks, or groupings and coincidences. Kammerer was known to make notes in public parks of what numbers of people were passing by, how many carried umbrellas, etc. Albert Einstein called the idea of Seriality "Interesting, and by no means absurd",^{[citation needed]} while Carl Jung drew upon Kammerer's work in his essay Synchronicity.^[4]

Science is the practice of constructing theoretical explanations of how events (phenomena) happen to repeatedly coincide. Remarkable coincidences sometimes lead to theories involving the supernatural or psychic forces. Or the explanation that a person or persons intentionally acted and the coincidence is the evidence of these actions (see conspiracy theories).

Some researchers (e.g. Charles Fort and Carl Jung) have compiled thousands of accounts of coincidences and other supposedly anomalous phenomena (synchronicity). The perception of coincidences often leads to occult or paranormal claims. It may also lead to the belief system of fatalism, that events will happen in the exact manner of a predetermined plan or formula. This lends a certain aura of inevitability to events.

In The Psychology of the Psychic, David Marks describes four distinct meanings of the term "coincidence". Marks suggests that coincidences occur because of "odd matches" when two events A and B are perceived to contain a similarity of some kind. For example, dreaming of a plane crash (event A) would be matched by seeing a news report of a plane crash the next morning (event B).

Deepak Chopra and other proponents of ancient Vedic spiritual and other mystical teachings insist on the view that there is absolutely no coincidence in the world.^{[citation needed]} Everything that occurs can be related to a prior cause or association, no matter how vast or how minute and trivial. All is affected by something related to it that is seen or unseen, cognized or unknowable.

Notes

^ Mathis, Frank H. (June 1991). "A Generalized Birthday Problem". Carl Review (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics) 33 (2): 265–270. doi:10.1137/1033051. ISSN 0036-1445. JSTOR 2031144. OCLC 37699182.
^ Koestler, Arthur (1972). The Roots of Coincidence (hardcover ed.). Random House. p. 25. ISBN 0-394-48038-4 – 1973 Vintage paperback: ISBN 0-394-71934-4
^ Koestler, Arthur (1972). The Roots of Coincidence (hardcover ed.). Random House. p. 81. ISBN 0-394-48038-4.
^ Koestler, Arthur (1972). The Roots of Coincidence (hardcover ed.). Random House. p. 87. ISBN 0-394-48038-4.

References

Jung, Carl G.: Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UP, 1973.
Arthur Koestler: The Roots of Coincidence
David Marks: The Psychology of the Psychic (pages 227–246)

Rolf Froböse:The Secret Physics of Coincidence. Quantum phenomena and fate - Can quantum physics explain paranormal phenomena?, BoD GmbH: Norderstedt 2012, ISBN 978-3-8482-3445-5.

External links

Look up coincidence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: coincidence

Collection of Historical Coincidence, nephiliman.com
Unlikely Events and Coincidence, Austin Society to Oppose Pseudoscience
The Power of Coincidence, Jill Neimark, Psychology Today
Why coincidences happen, (Understanding, Uncertainty)
Is It Just A Coincidence?, examples of global/universal coincidences
The mathematics of coincidental meetings

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Experimental assessment of the coincidence summing corrections in gamma-ray spectrometry of bulk samples.

Boshkova T.SourceFaculty of Physics, St. Kliment Ohridsky, University of Sofia, 5 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria. Electronic address: boshkova@phys.uni-sofia.bg.
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This work presents an experimental approach for estimation of the true coincidence-summing (TCS) correction for volume sources on the basis of TCS dependence on the source-to-detector distance. Firstly, it is shown that the TCS dependence on the source-to-detector distance can be linearized for poin
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Bodi A, Hemberger P.SourceMolecular Dynamics Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland. andras.boedi@psi.ch.
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Internal energy selected C4H5Br(+) ions were prepared by vacuum ultraviolet photoionization from the bromobutyne constitutional isomers 4-bromo-1-butyne, 1-bromo-2-butyne, and 3-bromo-1-butyne. The lowest energy dissociative photoionization channel is Br-loss. 1-Bromo-2-butyne and 3-bromo-1-butyne c
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Powis I, Daly S, Tia M, Cunha de Miranda B, Garcia GA, Nahon L.SourceSchool of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. ivan.powis@nottingham.ac.uk.
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A detailed study of the valence photoionization of small homochiral glycidol (C3O2H6) clusters is carried out with the help of circularly-polarized VUV synchrotron radiation by recording photoionization-based spectroscopic data detected by velocity map electron imaging with coincidence ion selection
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… This coincidence of temporal dynamics between priming and implicit recognition suggests similar underlying memory mechanisms. …
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