WordNet

set or ask for a certain price; "How much do you charge for lunch?"; "This fellow charges $100 for a massage"
the quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons; "the battery needed a fresh charge" (同)electric_charge
financial liabilities (such as a tax); "the charges against the estate"
the price charged for some article or service; "the admission charge"
heraldry consisting of a design or image depicted on a shield (同)bearing, heraldic bearing, armorial bearing
a quantity of explosive to be set off at one time; "this cartridge has a powder charge of 50 grains" (同)burster, bursting charge, explosive charge
an impetuous rush toward someone or something; "the wrestlers charge carried him past his adversary"; "the battle began with a cavalry charge"
request for payment of a debt; "they submitted their charges at the end of each month" (同)billing
(criminal law) a pleading describing some wrong or offense; "he was arrested on a charge of larceny" (同)complaint
a person committed to your care; "the teacher led her charges across the street"
blame for, make a claim of wrongdoing or misbehavior against; "he charged the director with indifference" (同)accuse
to make a rush at or sudden attack upon, as in battle; "he saw Jess charging at him with a pitchfork" (同)bear_down
demand payment; "Will I get charged for this service?"; "We were billed for 4 nights in the hotel, although we stayed only 3 nights" (同)bill
direct into a position for use; "point a gun"; "He charged his weapon at me" (同)level, point
file a formal charge against; "The suspect was charged with murdering his wife" (同)lodge, file
impose a task upon, assign a responsibility to; "He charged her with cleaning up all the files over the weekend" (同)saddle, burden
cause formation of a net electrical charge in or on; "charge a conductor"
energize a battery by passing a current through it in the direction opposite to discharge; "I need to charge my car battery"
enter a certain amount as a charge; "he charged me $15"
fill or load to capacity; "charge the wagon with hay"
instruct (a jury) about the law, its application, and the weighing of evidence
instruct or command with authority; "The teacher charged the children to memorize the poem"
lie down on command, of hunting dogs
make an accusatory claim; "The defense attorney charged that the jurors were biased"
pay with a credit card; pay with plastic money; postpone payment by recording a purchase as a debt; "Will you pay cash or charge the purchase?"
place a heraldic bearing on; "charge all weapons, shields, and banners"
saturate; "The room was charged with tension and anxiety"
burn to charcoal; "Without a drenching rain, the forest fire will char everything" (同)coal
burn slightly and superficially so as to affect color; "The cook blackened the chicken breast"; "The fire charred the ceiling above the mantelpiece"; "the flames scorched the ceiling" (同)blacken, sear, scorch
a charred substance
any of several small trout-like fish of the genus Salvelinus (同)charr
a structure or object that impedes free movement
any condition that makes it difficult to make progress or to achieve an objective; "intolerance is a barrier to understanding" (同)roadblock
anything serving to maintain separation by obstructing vision or access
tending to select; characterized by careful choice; "an exceptionally quick and selective reader"- John Mason Brown
characterized by very careful or fastidious selection; "the school was very selective in its admissions"
of a particle or body or system; having a net amount of positive or negative electric charge; "charged particles"; "a charged battery"
fraught with great emotion; "an atmosphere charged with excitement"; "an emotionally charged speech" (同)supercharged
capable of producing violent emotion or arousing controversy; "the highly charged issue of abortion"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(…の)『費用』;料金,請求代金《+『for』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈U〉(…の)『監督』,管理,保護,世話《+『of』+『名』》;〈C〉監督(保護)される人(物) / 〈C〉(…に対する)『非難』,告発,告訴《+『against』+『名』》 / 〈C〉突撃;突撃の合図 / 〈U〉〈C〉(弾薬などの)装てん,装薬;充電《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)命令,訓令《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉責任,義務 / 〈料金・支払い〉'を'〈人〉‘に'『請求する』,〈税など〉'を'課する / 〈買物など〉'を'『つけにする』,掛け売りにする / (…を)〈物・容器〉‘に'詰める,入れる(fill)《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / …'を'『非難する』,責める(blame),告訴する(accuse) / (義務・仕事・責任などを)〈人〉‘に'ゆだねる,委託する《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 《『charge』+『名』+『to』 do》(…するように)〈人〉‘に'命ずる,訓示する / …‘に'突進する / (…の)値をいう,支払いを請求する《+『for』+『名』》 / (…に)突撃する,突進する《+『at』(『on』)+『名』》
…'を'焦がす / (焼いて)…'を'炭にする / こげる
(時間ぎめや日雇いで)〈婦人が〉雑役をする
=chatwoman
=tea
(通行をはばむ)『さく』,『障壁』;関門;《ふざけて》改札口 / (…の)『難関』,障害《+『to』+『名』》
選択の,染択する / 注意して選ばれた / 淘汰(とうた)の / (無線が)選択度の高い
強く気持ちを動かされた / 人の気持ちを強く動かす,論争を巻き起こす

UpToDate Contents

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1. Chapter 2A：糸球体の解剖学的構造および機能 chapter 2a glomerular anatomy and function
2. 糸球体の免疫障害の機序 mechanisms of immune injury of the glomerulus
3. 異常ヘモグロビン症の検査室診断 laboratory diagnosis of the hemoglobinopathies
4. 小児におけるネフローゼ症候群の病因、臨床症状、および診断 etiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome in children
5. 腹膜透析における溶質クリアランスおよび限外濾過の機序 mechanisms of solute clearance and ultrafiltration in peritoneal dialysis

English Journal

Nonimmunologic targets of immunosuppressive agents in podocytes.

Yoo TH1, Fornoni A2.
Kidney research and clinical practice.Kidney Res Clin Pract.2015 Jun;34(2):69-75. doi: 10.1016/j.krcp.2015.03.003. Epub 2015 Apr 9.
Proteinuria is a characteristic finding in glomerular diseases and is closely associated with renal outcomes. In addition, therapeutic interventions that reduce proteinuria improve renal prognosis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that podocytes act as key modulators of glomerular injury and p
PMID 26484025

Conceptual barriers to understanding physical barriers.

Lingaraju A1, Long TM1, Wang Y1, Austin JR 2nd2, Turner JR3.
Seminars in cell & developmental biology.Semin Cell Dev Biol.2015 Jun;42:13-21. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.008. Epub 2015 May 21.
The members of the large family of claudin proteins regulate ion and water flux across the tight junction. Many claudins, e.g. claudins 2 and 15, accomplish this by forming size- and charge-selective paracellular channels. Claudins also appear to be essential for genesis of tight junction strands an
PMID 26003050

"Supersaturated" self-assembled charge-selective interfacial layers for organic solar cells.

Song CK1, Luck KA, Zhou N, Zeng L, Heitzer HM, Manley EF, Goldman S, Chen LX, Ratner MA, Bedzyk MJ, Chang RP, Hersam MC, Marks TJ.
Journal of the American Chemical Society.J Am Chem Soc.2014 Dec 24;136(51):17762-73. doi: 10.1021/ja508453n. Epub 2014 Dec 12.
To achieve densely packed charge-selective organosilane-based interfacial layers (IFLs) on the tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) anodes of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, a series of Ar2N-(CH2)n-SiCl3 precursors with Ar = 3,4-difluorophenyl, n = 3, 6, 10, and 18, was synthesized, characterized, and che
PMID 25420044

Japanese Journal

Ｃｌａｕｄｉｎを標的とした非侵襲性投与技術の開発

髙橋梓,近藤昌夫,八木清仁
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 131(11), 1583-1587, 2011
… Claudin comprises a tetra-transmembrane protein family consisting of more than 20 members, whose expression profiles and barrier-function differ among tissues. … For instance, claudin-1 plays roles in the epidermal and mucosal barriers, and claudin-4 regulates the mucosal barrier. … Some claudin strands work as size-selective or charge-selective paracellular routes for solutes. …
NAID 130001491112

糸球体 charge barrier 機能の再検討

齋藤宏,高橋昌里,土屋達行,長田道夫,楊国昌,根東義明,松山健,関根孝司,五十嵐隆
日本小児腎臓病学会雑誌 = Japanese journal of pediatric nephrology 21(1), 55-59, 2008-04-15
… 　近年，ネフローゼ症候群における蛋白尿の主因はスリット膜障害にあると考えられているが，その中でcharge barrier機能障害による尿蛋白出現という仮説は放置された状態である。 … 今回われわれは，charge selectivity index (CSI)1)を用いてPodocyte病35名，慢性糸球体腎炎72名，Dent病8名のCSIを測定しcharge barrier機能の再検討を行った。 …
NAID 10024846587

ブタの腎糸球体基底膜における陰性荷電部位の変化

代田欣二,田中秀和,杉本次郎 [他],野村靖夫
The journal of veterinary medical science 59(10), 857-862, 1997-10-25
ブタのメサンギウム増殖性糸球体腎炎10例について, 陽性荷電トレーサーのポリエチレンイミン (0.5%溶液, 分子量=1,800) を用い, 腎糸球体基底膜 (GBM) における陰性荷電部位の変化を超微形態学的に観察した. 糸球体の陰性荷電部位は電顕的にGBM, メサンギウム基質, 上皮細胞表面に明瞭な高電子密度の粒子として観察された. 正常GBMの外透明層では, 陰性荷電部位は単層で規則的に分布 …
NAID 110003915258