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the 23rd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)w, double-u

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Watt / West; Western
wolfram(=tungsten)の原子記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/30 15:39:39」(JST)

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1. ワルデンシュトレーム型マクログロブリン血症の治療および予後 treatment and prognosis of waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
2. ワルデンシュトレーム型マクログロブリン血症の疫学、病因、臨床症状、および診断 epidemiology pathogenesis clinical manifestations and diagnosis of waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
3. リンパ形質細胞性リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
4. 意義未確定の単クローン性免疫グロブリン血症（MGUS）の診断 diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
5. 多発性骨髄腫の臨床的特徴、検査所見、および診断 clinical features laboratory manifestations and diagnosis of multiple myeloma

English Journal

Why is working memory related to intelligence? Different contributions from storage and processing.

Dang CP1, Braeken J, Colom R, Ferrer E, Liu C.Author information 1a Department of Psychology , Guangzhou Medical University , China.AbstractDomain-specific contributions of working memory (WM), short-term memory (STM), and executive functioning (EF) to individual differences in intelligence were analysed using a latent variable approach. A sample of 345 participants completed a battery of 24 tests tapping the constructs of interests as comprehensively as possible. Visuospatial and verbal STM and WM tasks were administered along with three subcomponents of EF, namely inhibition, planning, and shifting. Intelligence was assessed by non-verbal/abstract/fluid intelligence (Gf) and verbal/crystallised intelligence (Gc) standardised tests. Structural equation modelling results show that EF is the main predictor of Gf, whereas verbal STM is the main predictor of Gc. Storage and processing providing different contributions to the prediction of Gf and Gc supports the view that both short-term storage and executive functioning account for the relationship between WM and intelligence. This main conclusion stresses the importance of acknowledging core cognitive constructs as being hierarchical systems with general and domain-specific mechanisms.
Memory (Hove, England).Memory.2014 Jun;22(4):426-41. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2013.797471. Epub 2013 Jun 7.
Domain-specific contributions of working memory (WM), short-term memory (STM), and executive functioning (EF) to individual differences in intelligence were analysed using a latent variable approach. A sample of 345 participants completed a battery of 24 tests tapping the constructs of interests as
PMID 23745736

Effects of impoverished environmental conditions on working memory performance.

Engel de Abreu PM1, Puglisi ML, Cruz-Santos A, Befi-Lopes DM, Martin R.Author information 1a EMACS Research Unit , University of Luxembourg , Luxembourg.AbstractThis cross-cultural study investigates the impact of background experience on four verbal and visuo-spatial working memory (WM) tasks. A total of 84 children from low-income families were recruited from the following groups: (1) Portuguese immigrant children from Luxembourg impoverished in terms of language experience; (2) Brazilian children deprived in terms of scholastic background; (3) Portuguese children from Portugal with no disadvantage in either scholastic or language background. Children were matched on age, gender, fluid intelligence, and socioeconomic status and completed four simple and complex span tasks of WM and a vocabulary measure. Results indicate that, despite large differences in their backgrounds and language abilities, the groups exhibited comparable performance on the visuo-spatial tasks dot matrix and odd-one-out and on the verbal simple span task digit recall. Group differences emerged on the verbal complex span task counting recall with children from Luxembourg and Portugal outperforming children from disadvantaged schools in Brazil. The study suggests that whereas contributions of prior knowledge to digit span, dot matrix, and odd-one-out are likely to be minimal, background experience can affect performance on counting recall. Implications for testing WM capacity in children growing up in poverty are discussed.
Memory (Hove, England).Memory.2014 Jun;22(4):323-31. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2013.781186. Epub 2013 Mar 26.
This cross-cultural study investigates the impact of background experience on four verbal and visuo-spatial working memory (WM) tasks. A total of 84 children from low-income families were recruited from the following groups: (1) Portuguese immigrant children from Luxembourg impoverished in terms of
PMID 23531204

Failure to benefit from target novelty during encoding contributes to working memory deficits in schizophrenia.

Mayer JS1, Kim J, Park S.Author information 1a Department of Psychology , Vanderbilt University , 111 21st Ave South, Nashville , TN 37240 , USA.AbstractIntroduction Although working memory (WM) impairments are well documented in schizophrenic patients (PSZ), the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of target salience during encoding to determine whether impaired visual attention in PSZ leads to poor WM. Methods Thirty-one PSZ and 28 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) performed a spatial delayed-response task. Attentional demands were manipulated during WM encoding by presenting high salient (novel) or low salient (familiar) targets. Participants also rated their level of response confidence at the end of each trial, allowing us to analyse different response types. Results WM was impaired in PSZ. Increasing target salience by increasing novelty improved WM performance in HC but not in PSZ. Poor WM performance in PSZ was largely due to an increase in the proportion of incorrect but high confident responses most likely reflecting a failure to encode the correct target. Conclusions Our findings suggest that dysfunctions of non-mnemonic attentional processes during encoding contribute to WM impairments in schizophrenia and may represent an important target for cognitive remediation strategies.
Cognitive neuropsychiatry.Cogn Neuropsychiatry.2014 May;19(3):268-79. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2013.854199. Epub 2013 Nov 11.
Introduction Although working memory (WM) impairments are well documented in schizophrenic patients (PSZ), the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of target salience during encoding to determine whether impaired visual attention in PSZ leads
PMID 24215367

Japanese Journal

Determinant Processing Factors of Recall Performance in Reading Span Tests : An Empirical Study of Japanese EFL Learners

中西弘,横川博一
大学英語教育学会紀要 (53), 93-108, 2011-10-27
… These results suggest that syntactic processing places a heavy cognitive load on working memory (WM) resources, thereby leaving few resources for storage functions while Japanese EFL learners are performing the RSTs. …
NAID 110008897627

NIRSを用いた Working Memory 課題時の前頭-後頭血流動態解析

小川雄太郎,飛佐洋平,小谷潔,神保泰彦
電気学会研究会資料. MBE, 医用・生体工学研究会 2011(112), 49-54, 2011-09-20
NAID 10029663023

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「マクログロブリン血症」
拡張検索	「WMA」「PWM」「RWM」「PWMレクチン」
関連記事	「W」

「マクログロブリン血症」

　　[★]

英: macroglobulinemia
同: ワルデンシュトレーム・マクログロブリン血症 Waldenström macroglobulinemia Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia WM、原発性マクログロブリン血症 primary macroglobulinemia、マクログロブリネミア
関: 単クローン性免疫グロブリン血症。高γグロブリン血症

first aid step1 2006 p.304

Bence Jones protein：multiple myeloma(κ/λ Ig light chains in urine), Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (IgM)
monoclonal antibody spike：multiple myeloma (M protein = IgG/IgA), MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (M protein = IgM)

	ALL	ALL(バーキット型)	悪性リンパ腫、CLL	マクログロブリン血症	骨髄腫
分化段階	前駆B細胞	未熟B細胞	成熟B細胞		形質細胞
細胞表面免疫グロブリン	－	＋	＋	±	－
免疫グロブリン分泌	－	－	－	＋	＋

WCH.2669

pathologic feature	MCL	B-cell CLL	FL	MZL	WM	MM
paraprotein	None	Small IgG or IgM	Usually none	Small IgM	IgM (large)	IgA, IgG
morphology	Centrocyte-like; small-to-medium-sized lymphocytes	Small lymphocyte with clumped chromatin	Follicle center cells (follicular pattern)	Monocytoid B cells, heterogeneous	Plasmacytoid lymphocytes and plasma cells	Plasma cells
surface Ig	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋
cytoplasmic Ig	－	－	－	－	＋＋	＋＋＋
CD19	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋
CD20	＋＋	＋	＋＋	＋	＋	15% CD20+
CD23	－	＋	±	－	－	－
CD22	＋	－	－	＋	＋	－
CD38	－	±	－	－	＋	＋＋
CD138	－	－	－	－	＋	＋＋
CD5	＋	＋	－	－	Usually CD5-	－
CDlO	±	－	＋	－	－	－
cytogenetic aberrations	t(11;14)(q13;q32), cyclin Dl+	13q-, 6q-, +12, 11q23-	t(14;18)(q32; q21), bcl-2+	t(11;18)(q21; q21), +3	6q-	t(4;14)(p16.3;q32),t(11;14)(q13;q32),t(14;16)(q32;q23), other +14q32,13q-, aneuploidy
somatic hypermutation	？	＋, 50%; -, 50%	＋＋	＋＋	＋＋＋	＋＋＋
bone marrow involvement (%)	25	～100	85	50	＞90	100
bone lytic lesions	No	No	No	No	5%	70%

概念

病因

疫学

60-70歳

症状

also see WCH.2671

血管粘稠度上昇　＋　病的蛋白質による血管内皮損傷：[眼症状] ソーセージ様の網膜血管のうっ滞・拡張、網膜出血、綿花様白斑、網膜静脈閉塞症、滲出性網膜剥離
リンパ球の浸潤による症状：weakness, 体重減少、骨痛、肝脾腫、リンパ節腫

診断

鑑別診断

慢性リンパ性白血球、骨髄腫(IgM myeloma: bone lesion, CD138+ plamac cell infiltration)、kymphocytic lymphoma

myelomaとの共通点と異差

HIM.706

共通点：

症状：weakness、疲労、反復感染

WMに特徴的：

lymphadenopathy、hepatosplenomegalyがあること。bone lesionや高カルシウム血症は起こさない。(大きさの違いから？)IgMは殆ど人から排泄されないし、-20%の人しかBJPを排泄しないから、腎病変は一般的でない。

WMでより一般的：

鼻出血、視力障害(visual disturbance)、神経症状(めまい、頭痛、一時的な麻痺)

QB.G-269 WCH.2671

	多発性骨髄腫	マクログロブリン血症
	多発性骨髄腫	ワルデンシュトレーム・マクログロブリン血症
	MM	WM
病変のfocus	主に骨髄	主にリンパ組織	集積することで出現する症状が異なる
腫瘍細胞	形質細胞	やや幼弱なB細胞
赤血球連戦形成	＋	＋＋＋	IgMのせい
出血傾向	少	多	IgMのせい
肝脾腫、リンパ節腫脹	少	多
骨破壊	70％	5％
過粘稠度症候群	少	多	IgMのせい
M蛋白	IgG,IgA,IgD,IgE,BJP	IgM
腎障害	多	少	IgMは糸球体濾過されにくい
眼底変化	少	多	IgMのせい
年齢	40-60歳代	40-70歳代

検査

血算

赤沈：高度促進
貧血
白血球：増多(リンパ球様細胞の増多)
血小板：減少　　←　　MMより頻度は低い、はず。一般的でなく、病気の末期まで出現しない(WCH.2671)。患者のほとんどが正常範囲内で、10万/ul以下であるのはほんの9%の患者であり、本疾患における血小板減少症の有病率は22%と報告されている(WCH.2671)。