in situ nick-end labeling

ニック末端標識、ニック末端標識法

関

TUNEL

WordNet

1. put an end to; "The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived"
2. a final state; "he came to a bad end"; "the so-called glorious experiment came to an inglorious end" (同)destruction, death
3. the point in time at which something ends; "the end of the year"; "the ending of warranty period" (同)ending
4. bring to an end or halt; "She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime"; "The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I" (同)terminate
5. a piece of cloth that is left over after the rest has been used or sold (同)remainder, remnant, oddment
6. (American football) a position on the line of scrimmage; "no one wanted to play end"
7. the part you are expected to play; "he held up his end"
8. the concluding parts of an event or occurrence; "the end was exciting"; "I had to miss the last of the movie" (同)last, final_stage
9. either extremity of something that has length; "the end of the pier"; "she knotted the end of the thread"; "they rode to the end of the line"; "the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix" (同)terminal
10. (football) the person who plays at one end of the line of scrimmage; "the end managed to hold onto the pass"
11. a boundary marking the extremities of something; "the end of town"
12. a final part or section; "we have given it at the end of the section since it involves the calculus"; "Start at the beginning and go on until you come to the end"
13. one of two places from which people are communicating to each other; "the phone rang at the other end"; "both ends wrote at the same time"
14. the surface at either extremity of a three-dimensional object; "one end of the box was marked `This side up"
15. have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical; "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed"; "Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other"; "My property ends by the bushes"; "The symphony ends in a pianissimo" (同)stop, finish, terminate, cease
16. be the end of; be the last or concluding part of; "This sad scene ended the movie" (同)terminate
17. serve in a specific professional capacity; "the priest sat for confession"; "she sat on the jury"
18. be around, often idly or without specific purpose; "The object sat in the corner"; "We sat around chatting for another hour" (同)sit around
19. be seated (同)sit_down
20. be in session; "When does the court of law sit?"
21. be located or situated somewhere; "The White House sits on Pennsylvania Avenue"
22. holding office; "the in party"
23. to or toward the inside of; "come in"; "smash in the door" (同)inwards, inward
24. currently fashionable; "the in thing to do"; "large shoulder pads are in"
25. directed or bound inward; "took the in bus"; "the in basket"
26. divide or reset the tail muscles of; "nick horses"
27. mate successfully; of livestock
28. (British slang) a prison; "hes in the nick"
29. cut a nick into (同)chip
30. cut slightly, with a razor; "The barbers knife nicked his cheek" (同)snick
31. event whose occurrence ends something; "his death marked the ending of an era"; "when these final episodes are broadcast it will be the finish of the show" (同)conclusion, finish
32. the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme); "I dont like words that have -ism as an ending" (同)termination

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (細いものの)『端』,先端《+『of』+『名』》 / (物語などの)『終り』,終結部《+『of』+『名』》 / (物事・期間の)『最後』《+『of』+『名』》;(…に)結末をつけるもの《+『to』+『名』》 / (…の)端の部分,末端部《『of』+『名』》 / 《しばしば複数形で》『目的』(purpose),目標(aim) / 《遠回しに》死,滅亡 / 《しばしば複数形で》切れ端,くず,残りもの / (事業などの)部門(part) / (フットボールで)エンド)前衛両端の選手または位置) / …‘を'『終わらせる』,終える / 〈物事が〉…‘の'終りとなる,‘を'締めくくる / 『終わる』,終了する(come to an end)
2. (…に)『座る』,座っている《+『at』(『on, in』)+『名』》・着席する《+『down』》・(…に)〈鳥などが〉『止まる』,休む《+『on』+『名』》・〈めんどりが〉卵を抱く,巣に就く / 《場所の副詞[句]を伴って》(ある場所に)『位置する』・ (画家・写真家のために)ポーズをとる・しっとしている,動かないでいる・(議員・委員などの)職に就いている《+『on』+『名』》・〈議会・法廷などが〉開会(開廷)される・(…に)負担となる,重荷となる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》・〈衣服などが〉(…に)合う,似合う《+『on』+『名』》・〈人〉‘を'座らせる,着席させる《+『down』+『名,』+『名』+『down』》・〈馬〉‘に'乗る・《英》〈試験〉‘を'受ける
3. 《具体的な場所,位置》 / …『の中に』(『で』) / …『において』,…で / 《intoの代りに移動を表す動詞と共に》…『の中へ』 / (乗り物)『に乗って』 / …『の状熊に』(『で』) / …『に従事して』,に属して / …『を身につけて』,に覆われて / 《『in』do『ing』の形で》…『するときに』,する際に(when) / 《時間》 / …『して』,…『が経過したあと』 / …『の間に』 / …『については』,…の点では / 《方法・手段・材料》…『で』 / 《人を目的語にして,性質・能力があることを示して》…の中に / …の目的で,のつもりで,として / 《比率割合》…のうちで,につき / 《過去分詞に伴って》…に[…されて] / 『中へ』(に) / 『在宅して』,帰って / (乗り物などが)『到着して』,(時期・季節が)来て / 出回って,流行して / 《俗》流行の,当世風の / 《話》特定の人々にのみ理解される
4. 刻み目(notch) / 表面だけの切り傷,かすり傷 / …‘に'刻み目(傷)をつける・「in the nick of time」で「きわどい時に, ちょうどよく」
5. 状態,体調
6. 終り,終了;(物語・映画などの)結末 / (文の)語尾

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/21 13:17:07」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Mouse liver showing an apoptotic cell stained with TUNEL

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) is a method for detecting DNA fragmentation by labeling the terminal end of nucleic acids.

dUTP

Method

TUNEL is a common method for detecting DNA fragmentation that results from apoptotic signaling cascades. The assay relies on the presence of nicks in the DNA which can be identified by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase or TdT, an enzyme that will catalyze the addition of dUTPs that are secondarily labeled with a marker. It may also label cells that have suffered severe DNA damage.

History

Originally described in the paper by Garvrieli, Sherman, and Ben-Sasson in 1992, TUNEL has become one of the main methods for detecting apoptotic programmed cell death. However, for years there has been a debate about its accuracy, due to problems in the original assay which caused necrotic cells to be inappropriately labeled as apoptotic. The method has subsequently been improved dramatically and if performed correctly should only identify cells in the last phase of apoptosis. New methods incorporate the dUTPs modified by fluorophores or haptens, including biotin or bromine, which can be detected directly in the case of a fluorescently-modified nucleotide (i.e., fluorescein-dUTP), or indirectly with streptavidin or antibodies, if biotin-dUTP or BrdUTP are used, respectively. Often at late stages of apoptosis, adherent cells are known to detach or “pop” off. For a reliable and reproducible TUNEL imaging assay, the modified nucleotide must not only be an acceptable substrate for TdT, but the detection method must also be sensitive without bringing about any additional loss of cells from the sample.

References

External links

• TUNEL at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 異型および上皮内小葉癌：乳癌のハイリスク病変 atypia and lobular carcinoma in situ high risk lesions of the breast
• 2. 多発性骨髄腫における病期分類および予後研究 staging and prognostic studies in multiple myeloma
• 3. 非浸潤性乳管癌：疫学、臨床症状、および診断 breast ductal carcinoma in situ epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis
• 4. 遺伝学およびゲノミクスのためのツール：細胞遺伝学および分子遺伝学 tools for genetics and genomics cytogenetics and molecular genetics
• 5. 乳癌の病理 pathology of breast cancer

English Journal

• CXCL12 inhibits cortical neuron apoptosis by increasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax after traumatic brain injury.

• Mao W1, Yi X, Qin J, Tian M, Jin G.Author information 11Department of Anatomy and Cytoneurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University , People's Republic of China.AbstractCXCL12 and its physiologic receptor CXCR4 are involved in controlling cell survival, proliferation and migration in adult tissues. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CXCL12 on cortical neuron apoptosis in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the potential mechanisms involved. At 3 days after TBI, in situ terminal transferase d-UTP nick-end labeling assay (TUNEL) showed that the apoptotic index (AI) deceased significantly in the CXCL12 treatment group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Immunofluorescence double-labeled staining revealed that most of the TUNEL positive cells were NeuN positive neurons. The change trends of active caspase-3 expression were similar as those of the AI. The Bcl-2:Bax ratio was upregulated in the CXCL12 group compared with the control group. However, the effect of CXCL12 could be partially reverted by the additional use of AMD3100 (a kind of antagonist of CXCR4) (p < 0.05). Our results indicated that after TBI in rats CXCL12 combing CXCR4 receptors could inhibit the caspase-3 pathway by upregulating Bcl-2:Bax ratio, which protect neurons from apoptosis.
• The International journal of neuroscience.Int J Neurosci.2014 Apr;124(4):281-90. doi: 10.3109/00207454.2013.838236. Epub 2013 Oct 2.
• CXCL12 and its physiologic receptor CXCR4 are involved in controlling cell survival, proliferation and migration in adult tissues. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CXCL12 on cortical neuron apoptosis in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the potential mechanisms involved. At 3
• PMID 23984821

• Anti-inflammatory effects of hydrophilic and lipophilic statins with hyaluronic acid against LPS-induced inflammation in porcine articular chondrocytes.

• Chang CH1, Hsu YM, Chen YC, Lin FH, Sadhasivam S, Loo ST, Savitha S.Author information 1Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Nan-Ya South Road, Sec. 2 Pan-Chia Dict., New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.AbstractThe objective of the study is to understand the therapeutic effects of lipophilic (simvastatin) and hydrophilic statins (pravastatin) combined with/without hyaluronic acid for osteoarthritis by an in vitro LPS-induced inflammatory model of articular chondrocytes. HA in combination with different doses of simvastatin or pravastatin were used. Beside cytotoxicity, the influence of statins on NO production, pro-inflammatory cytokine, inflammatory mediators, and NF-κB p50 protein were analyzed. Finally, TUNEL assay was performed to detect DNA strand breakage. Two statins were less able to lower NF-κB activity when they were administrated along without HA. The gene expression demonstrates that simvastatin and pravastatin had the ability to decrease pro-inflammatory and inflammatory mediator levels. High dose simvastatin with or without HA down regulated inflammatory cytokines, but resulted in higher cytotoxicity. TUNEL assay confirms the regulatory effect of statins with or without HA over the apoptosis of chondrocytes, especially in hydrophilic statins. The significant down-regulation of inflammatory mediators suggests that intra-articular injection of HA in combination with statins might feasibly slow the progress of osteoarthritis. Administration of simvastatin or pravastatin with hyaluronic acid may produce beneficial effects for OA treatment, but with better results when hydrophilic statin was used.
• Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.J Orthop Res.2014 Apr;32(4):557-65. doi: 10.1002/jor.22536. Epub 2013 Dec 2.
• The objective of the study is to understand the therapeutic effects of lipophilic (simvastatin) and hydrophilic statins (pravastatin) combined with/without hyaluronic acid for osteoarthritis by an in vitro LPS-induced inflammatory model of articular chondrocytes. HA in combination with different dos
• PMID 24302463

• Cellular characterization of ultrasound-stimulated microbubble radiation enhancement in a prostate cancer xenograft model.

• Al-Mahrouki AA1, Iradji S, Tran WT, Czarnota GJ.Author information 1Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.AbstractTumor radiation resistance poses a major obstacle in achieving an optimal outcome in radiation therapy. In the current study, we characterize a novel therapeutic approach that combines ultrasound-driven microbubbles with radiation to increase treatment responses in a prostate cancer xenograft model in mice. Tumor response to ultrasound-driven microbubbles and radiation was assessed 24 hours after treatment, which consisted of radiation treatments alone (2 Gy or 8 Gy) or ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles only, or a combination of radiation and ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles. Immunohistochemical analysis using in situ end labeling (ISEL) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) revealed increased cell death within tumors exposed to combined treatments compared with untreated tumors or tumors exposed to radiation alone. Several biomarkers were investigated to evaluate cell proliferation (Ki67), blood leakage (factor VIII), angiogenesis (cluster of differentiation molecule CD31), ceramide-formation, angiogenesis signaling [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)], oxygen limitation (prolyl hydroxylase PHD2) and DNA damage/repair (γH2AX). Results demonstrated reduced vascularity due to vascular disruption by ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles, increased ceramide production and increased DNA damage of tumor cells, despite decreased tumor oxygenation with significantly less proliferating cells in the combined treatments. This combined approach could be a feasible option as a novel enhancing approach in radiation therapy.
• Disease models & mechanisms.Dis Model Mech.2014 Mar-Apr;7(3):363-72. doi: 10.1242/dmm.012922. Epub 2014 Jan 30.
• Tumor radiation resistance poses a major obstacle in achieving an optimal outcome in radiation therapy. In the current study, we characterize a novel therapeutic approach that combines ultrasound-driven microbubbles with radiation to increase treatment responses in a prostate cancer xenograft model
• PMID 24487407

Japanese Journal

• Matrine Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis of Pancreatic Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo

• Liu Tianyou,Song Yan,Chen Hua [他],Pan Shangha,Sun Xueying
• Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 33(10), 1740-1745, 2010
• … This study aims to investigate its anti-cancer activity and underlying mechanisms in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. … Subcutaneous BxPC-3 xenograft tumors were established in nude BALB/c mice, and matrine was intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered. …
• NAID 130000402371

• ラット小腸パイエル板および腸絨毛のアポトーシス発現上皮細胞上における特異的な糖の発現(解剖学)

• 陳 慶義,大西 佐知子,湯地 みどり [他],稲元 哲朗,斉 旺梅,山本 健吉,割田 克彦,横山 俊史,星 信彦,北川 浩
• The journal of veterinary medical science 69(2), 193-199, 2007-02-25
• … ,基部ではほとんど発現していなかった.さらにレクチンに対する陽性度は,FAEや腸絨毛における上皮細胞のアポトーシスの進行度と相関した.レクチン組織化学とin situ nick end-labeling法による二重染色の結果,上記2種の糖とDNAの断片化の強い発現がアポトーシス後期の上皮細胞で同時に検出された.FAEと腸絨毛では他の糖の発現パターンに違い …
• NAID 110006201238

• Apoptosis in the Medaka Embryo in the Early Developmental Stage

• Iijima Norio,Yokoyama Takahiko
• Acta histochemica et cytochemica = Official Journal of the Japan Society of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 40(1-6), 1-7, 2007
• … In this study, we used in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) to visualize the temporal and spatial distribution of apoptosis in the developing medaka embryo, which is a useful model for developmental biology and genetics. … Most of the apoptotic cells were distributed in the central nervous system and tailbud. …
• NAID 110006633408

Related Links

• アポトーシス in situ検出キットワコー｜試薬ホームページ ...

アポトーシス細胞の検出には、TUNEL法(TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling)が汎用されてい ます。本キットは、ターミナルトランスフェラーゼ(TdT)を用いてアポトーシスを起こしている細胞のDNAの 3'-OH末端をフルオレセイン- dUTPで標識 ...

• In Situ Nick End-labeling: Electron Microscopical

Chapter 4 In Situ Nick End-labeling: Electron Microscopical YOSHINORI OTSUKI AND YUKO ITO Introduction Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) gives us much mor phological information on apoptosis, since the concept of ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ニック末端標識」「ニック末端標識法」「TUNEL」
関連記事	「end」「sit」「labeling」「nick」「in situ」

「ニック末端標識」

　　[★]

英

in situ nick-end labeling

関

ニック末端標識法

「ニック末端標識法」

　　[★]

英

in situ nick-end labeling

関

ニック末端標識

「TUNEL」

　　[★]

関

in situ nick-end labeling

• TUNEL staining

「end」

　　[★]

• n.

• 終わり、末端、端、目標

• v.

• 終了する、終わる

関

aim、brink、cease、complete、conclude、corner、distal、eventuate、extremity、goal、object、objective、side、terminal、terminally、terminate、termination

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「sit」

　　[★]

• vi.

• (過去-過去分詞sat)座る、位置する

関

lie、locate、location、loci、locus、map、position、rank、seat、situated、situation、stand、topo

　 　 　 　 　 　

「labeling」

　　[★]

• 標識、標識化、標識法

関

label、labelling、landmark、mark、marker、marking、tag、tagging

「nick」

　　[★]

• n.

• 切れ目、ニック

• v.

• 切れ目を入れる

関

nicked

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「in situ」

　　[★]

• 生体内原位置で、原位置で、生体位で、切片上で、インサイツの