effective refractory period

有効不応期, ERP

WordNet

1. works well as a means or remedy; "an effective reprimand"; "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat"
2. producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witchs broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation"-LewisMumford; "effective teaching methods"; "effective steps toward peace"; "made an effective entrance"; "his complaint proved to be effectual in bringing action"; "an efficacious law" (同)effectual, efficacious
3. able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; "people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons..."-G.B.Shaw; "effective personnel"; "an efficient secretary"; "the efficient cause of the revolution" (同)efficient
4. exerting force or influence; "the law is effective immediately"; "a warranty good for two years"; "the law is already in effect (or in force)" (同)good, in effect, in force
5. existing in fact; not theoretical; real; "a decline in the effective demand"; "confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done"
6. ready for service; "the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers"
7. a unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed; "ganoid fishes swarmed during the earlier geological periods" (同)geological period
8. (ice hockey) one of three divisions into which play is divided in hockey games
9. the end or completion of something; "death put a period to his endeavors"; "a change soon put a period to my tranquility"
10. the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon
11. a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations; "in England they call a period a stop" (同)point, full_stop, stop, full point
12. temporarily unresponsive or not fully responsive to nervous or sexual stimuli; "the refractory period of a muscle fiber"
13. not responding to treatment; "a stubborn infection"; "a refractory case of acne"; "stubborn rust stains" (同)stubborn
14. (Persian folklore) a supernatural being descended from fallen angels and excluded from paradise until penance is done
15. a beautiful and graceful girl

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『効果的な』,効きめのある / (法律などが)『有効な』,実施されている / 印象深い,感銘的な / 実際に役立つ,実動の
2. (あることが続く)『期間』 / (歴史的な)『時代』 / (試合の)『一区切り』,ピリオド / 授業時間,時限: / (循環して起こる現象などの)周期 / (回転運動などの)周期 / 紀(地質時代の区分の一つ;era(代)の下,epoch(世)の上) / 《おもに米》『ピリオド』,終止符(《英》full stop;Mr.,U.S.など略語の符号(.)も含む) / 《複数形で》《文》掉尾(とうび)文(多くの節から成り,論理的に緊密な構成をもっている文) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》ある時代[特有]の,時代物の / (文の終わりに感嘆詞的に)以上,終わり・月経（期間）
3. (人などが)手に負えない,強情な / (病気が)治りにくい,がんこな / (金属などが)溶けにくい,耐火性の
4. 屈折媒体(レンズ) / =refracting telescope

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/06 23:51:39」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Image of a myocardial action potential. Effective refractory period in green.

In electrocardiography, during a cardiac cycle, once an action potential is initiated, there is a period of time that a new action potential cannot be initiated. This is termed the effective refractory period (ERP) of the tissue. This period is approximately equal to the absolute refractory period (ARP), it occurs due to calcium ion influx . During this period, depolarization on adjacent cardiac muscles does not produce a new depolarization in the current cell as it has to refract back to phase 4 of the action potential before a new action potential can activate it. ERP acts as a protective mechanism and keeps the heart rate in check and prevents arrhythmias, and it helps coordinates muscle contraction. Anti-arrhythmic agents used for arrhythmias usually prolong the ERP. For the treatment of atrial fibrillation, it is a problem that the prolongation of the ERP by these agents also affects the ventricles, which can induce other types of arrhythmias.

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 成人の難治性皮膚筋炎のマネージメントmanagement of refractory cutaneous dermatomyositis in adults [show details]
  … doses may be required for effective treatment of DM skin disease. In a retrospective study of 12 patients with cutaneous DM that was refractory to other systemic drugs,… consecutive months and had the option to cross over to the alternative therapy after the initial treatment period. Marked improvement in skin disease (assessed through clinical photographs) occurred in 8 out of …
• 2. 成人における単極性うつ病：重度の難治性（再発性）うつ病のマネージメントunipolar depression in adults management of highly resistant refractory depression [show details]
  … and limited evidence suggests that adjunctive methylfolate may be effective for treatment refractory depression.… depressive episode and have no history of mania or hypomania . A major depressive episode is a period lasting at least two weeks, with five or more of the following symptoms: depressed mood, anhedonia …
• 3. 妊娠前・妊娠中・出産後のてんかんのマネージメントmanagement of epilepsy during preconception pregnancy and the postpartum period [show details]
  … and administer the drug at the lowest effective dose prior to conception. Valproate should be avoided and only prescribed if no other AED is effective for that particular patient.… This topic will discuss the management of epilepsy during pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period. The risks associated with epilepsy and the risks of antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment during pregnancy … valproate whose seizures have not proven to be refractory to other AEDs; in such a case,…
• 4. 難治性円板状ループスおよび亜急性皮膚ループスのマネージメントmanagement of refractory discoid lupus and subacute cutaneous lupus [show details]
  … for refractory cutaneous LE. Thalidomide should only be used in patients who comprehend the risks associated with this drug. Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) has also been effective as a remission-inducing… as well as reports of patients in whom periods of disease remission occurred following the discontinuation of methotrexate therapy.…
• 5. 再発性または難治性の急性骨髄性白血病の治療treatment of relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia [show details]
  … symptoms have resolved, as described separately. IDH2 mutation – Enasidenib is effective for relapsed or refractory AML with IDH2 mutation; treatment is associated with IDH differentiation syndrome …

English Journal

• Intra-arterial administration of antibiotics for refractory skull base osteomyelitis.

• Yamazaki H1, Kikuchi M2, Shinohara S2, Naito Y3, Fujiwara K4, Kanazawa Y2, Tona R5.
• Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2014 Aug;41(4):380-3. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2013.12.003. Epub 2013 Dec 30.
• We report two cases of elderly diabetic men with skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) originating from malignant external otitis (MEO). In both, a devastating infection and neural paralysis deteriorated after conventional therapy, including long-term intravenous administration of culture-directed antibiot
• PMID 24387799

• Efficacy of the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist aprepitant in children with cyclical vomiting syndrome.

• Cristofori F1, Thapar N, Saliakellis E, Kumaraguru N, Elawad M, Kiparissi F, Köglmeier J, Andrews P, Lindley KJ, Borrelli O.
• Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.Aliment Pharmacol Ther.2014 Jun 5. doi: 10.1111/apt.12822. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND: Aprepitant (Emend, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Haarlem, the Netherlands), a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, prevents vomiting in a range of conditions. No data are available on its use in children with cyclical vomiting syndrome (CVS).AIM: We investigated the efficacy of aprepitant as
• PMID 24898244

• Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection in Immunocompromised Patients.

• Kelly CR1, Ihunnah C1, Fischer M2, Khoruts A3, Surawicz C4, Afzali A4, Aroniadis O5, Barto A6, Borody T7, Giovanelli A8, Gordon S9, Gluck M10, Hohmann EL11, Kao D12, Kao JY13, McQuillen DP6, Mellow M14, Rank KM3, Rao K13, Ray A15, Schwartz MA10, Singh N16, Stollman N8, Suskind DL16, Vindigni SM4, Youngster I11, Brandt L5.
• The American journal of gastroenterology.Am J Gastroenterol.2014 Jun 3. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.133. [Epub ahead of print]
• OBJECTIVES:Patients who are immunocompromised (IC) are at increased risk of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), which has increased to epidemic proportions over the past decade. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) appears effective for the treatment of CDI, although there is concern that IC pa
• PMID 24890442

Japanese Journal

• Effects of pH on Nifekalant-Induced Electrophysiological Change Assessed in the Langendorff Heart Model of Guinea Pigs

• Kazusa Katsuyuki,Nakamura Yuji,Watanabe Yudai,Ando Kentaro,Sugiyama Atsushi
• Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 2014
• … First, we investigated the effects of pH change from 7.4 to 6.4 on the bipolar electrogram simulating surface lead II ECG, monophasic action potential (MAP), effective refractory period (ERP), and terminal repolarization period (TRP) and found that acidic condition transiently enhanced the ventricular repolarization. …
• NAID 130003391474

• Electrophysiological Effects of an Anti-influenza Drug Oseltamivir on the Guinea-Pig Atrium : Comparison with Those of Pilsicainide

• Takahara Akira,Suzuki Sanae,Hagiwara Mihoko [他]
• Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 36(10), 1650-1652, 2013-10
• NAID 40019800855

• 食事要因と前立腺癌 : 予防に向けて

• 白井 智之
• 日本食品化学学会誌 20(1), 1-8, 2013-04-22
• … (2) very long latent period to clinically manifested cancer; … (6) no effective therapeutic approaches to hormone-refractory types. …
• NAID 110009603491

Related Links

• Effective refractory periodとは - goo Wikipedia (ウィキペディア)

In electrocardiography, during a cardiac cycle, once an action potential is initiated, there is a period of time that a new action potential cannot be initiated. This is termed the effective refractory period (ERP) of the tissue. This period is ...

• effective refractory period - definition of effective refractory ...

effective refractory period. See refractory period. period [pēr´e-od] an interval or division of time; the time for the regular recurrence of a phenomenon. absolute refractory period the part of the refractory period from phase 0 to ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「有効不応期」「ERP」
関連記事	「refractory」「effective」「peri」「period」

「有効不応期」

　　[★]

英

effective refractory period, ERP

関

相対不応期

• 絶対不応期と同じような概念。
• The effective refractory period is the shortest interval at which a premature stimulus results in a propagated response and often is used to describe drug effects in intact tissue.(GOO.903)
• This period is also termed the absolute refractory period (ARP). (1)
• 有効不応期は絶対不応期を含むperiodであり、0相から3相の一部を指す(PHD.22)。3相の初期には何らかの刺激により活動電位を発生しうるが、活動電位の伝播は周りに伝わらず局所的なものにとどまる(PHD.22)。すなわち活動電位を発生しない期間に加え、伝播しうる活動電位を発生しない期間を指す。

参考

• 1. wikipedia en

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_refractory_period

「ERP」

　　[★]

• 事象関連電位 event-related potential
• 有効不応期 effective refractory period
• endocardial resection procedure

「refractory」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 手に負えない、御しがたい
• (病気などが)難治性の、抗療性の。(刺激に)不応性の、無反応性の。抵抗性がある、免疫性の(to)

関

intractable、inveterate、recalcitrance、recalcitrant、refractoriness、resistance、resistant、resistive

　 　 　

「effective」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 効率的な、有効な、効果的な、効果のある、有効性の

関

active、availability、effectively、effectiveness、efficacious、efficacy、efficient、efficiently、forceful、valid、validity

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「peri」

　　[★]

• pref.

• 近い、周り、周囲の

• ex.

• pericardium 心膜　←　心外膜はepicardium
• perimetrium 子宮外膜
• periosteum 骨膜

関

ambient、around、circumferential、surrounding

　 　

「period」

　　[★]

• n.

• 期間、時期

関

duration、phase、stage、term、time