WordNet
- tenaciously unwilling or marked by tenacious unwillingness to yield (同)obstinate, unregenerate
- resolute adherence to your own ideas or desires (同)bullheadedness, obstinacy, obstinance, pigheadedness, self-will
- the trait of being difficult to handle or overcome (同)obstinacy, obstinance, mulishness
- in a stubborn unregenerate manner; "she remained stubbornly in the same position" (同)pig-headedly, obdurately, mulishly, obstinately, cussedly
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (人が)『がん固な』,強情な / (意志・行動などが)『断固とした』,不屈の / (物が)『取り扱いにくい』,
- がん固さ,強情,不屈
- がん固に,強情に,確固として
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/05 00:31:33」(JST)
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Look up stubborn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Stubborn means fastly refusing to change opinions or position.
Stubborn has been used as a name for the following:
- HMS Stubborn (P238), an S class submarine
- Little Miss Stubborn, a character in the Little Miss series of books
- Mr. Stubborn, a character on the children's television show The Mr. Men Show
- Louis X of France, a King of France called "the Stubborn"
- Citrus stubborn disease, a plant disease affecting species in the genus Citrus
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Novel Diagnosis for Citrus Stubborn Disease by Detection of a Spiroplasma citri-Secreted Protein.
- Shi J, Pagliaccia D, Morgan R, Qiao Y, Pan S, Vidalakis G, Ma W.AbstractABSTRACT Citrus stubborn disease (CSD), first identified in California, is a widespread bacterial disease found in most arid citrus-producing regions in the United States and the Mediterranean Region. The disease is caused by Spiroplasma citri, an insect-transmitted and phloem-colonizing bacterium. CSD causes significant tree damage resulting in loss of fruit production and quality. Detection of CSD is challenging due to low and fluctuating titer and sporadic distribution of the pathogen in infected trees. In this study, we report the development of a novel diagnostic method for CSD using an S. citri-secreted protein as the detection marker. Microbial pathogens secrete a variety of proteins during infection that can potentially disperse systemically in infected plants with the vascular flow. Therefore, their distribution may not be restricted to the pathogen infection sites and could be used as a biological marker for infection. Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified a unique secreted protein from S. citri that is highly expressed in the presence of citrus phloem extract. ScCCPP1, an antibody generated against this protein, was able to distinguish S. citri-infected citrus and periwinkle from healthy plants. In addition, the antiserum could be used to detect CSD using a simple direct tissue print assay without the need for sample processing or specialized lab equipment and may be suitable for field surveys. This study provides proof of a novel concept of using pathogen-secreted protein as a marker for diagnosis of a citrus bacterial disease and can probably be applied to other plant diseases.
- Phytopathology.Phytopathology.2014 Feb;104(2):188-95. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-06-13-0176-R.
- ABSTRACT Citrus stubborn disease (CSD), first identified in California, is a widespread bacterial disease found in most arid citrus-producing regions in the United States and the Mediterranean Region. The disease is caused by Spiroplasma citri, an insect-transmitted and phloem-colonizing bacterium.
- PMID 23931112
- Dynamic pricing of network goods with boundedly rational consumers.
- Radner R, Radunskaya A, Sundararajan A.Author information Economics Department, Information, Operations, and Management Sciences Department, Stern School, and Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University, New York, NY 10012.AbstractWe present a model of dynamic monopoly pricing for a good that displays network effects. In contrast with the standard notion of a rational-expectations equilibrium, we model consumers as boundedly rational and unable either to pay immediate attention to each price change or to make accurate forecasts of the adoption of the network good. Our analysis shows that the seller's optimal price trajectory has the following structure: The price is low when the user base is below a target level, is high when the user base is above the target, and is set to keep the user base stationary once the target level has been attained. We show that this pricing policy is robust to a number of extensions, which include the product's user base evolving over time and consumers basing their choices on a mixture of a myopic and a "stubborn" expectation of adoption. Our results differ significantly from those that would be predicted by a model based on rational-expectations equilibrium and are more consistent with the pricing of network goods observed in practice.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2014 Jan 7;111(1):99-104. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1319543110. Epub 2013 Dec 23.
- We present a model of dynamic monopoly pricing for a good that displays network effects. In contrast with the standard notion of a rational-expectations equilibrium, we model consumers as boundedly rational and unable either to pay immediate attention to each price change or to make accurate forecas
- PMID 24367101
- Spiralin Diversity Within Iranian Strains of Spiroplasma citri.
- Khanchezar A, Béven L, Izadpanah K, Salehi M, Saillard C.Author information Plant Virology Research Centre (PVRC), College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.AbstractThe first-cultured and most-studied spiroplasma is Spiroplasma citri, the causal agent of citrus stubborn disease, one of the three plant-pathogenic, sieve-tube-restricted, and leafhopper vector-transmitted mollicutes. In Iranian Fars province, S. citri cultures were obtained from stubborn affected citrus trees, sesame and safflower plants, and from the leafhopper vector Circulifer haematoceps. Spiralin gene sequences from different S. citri isolates were amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Phylogenetic trees based on spiralin gene sequence showed diversity and indicated the presence of three clusters among the S. citri strains. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of eleven spiralins from Iranian strains and those from the reference S. citri strain GII-3 (241 aa), Palmyre strain (242 aa), Spiroplasma kunkelii (240 aa), and Spiroplasma phoeniceum (237 aa) confirmed the conservation of general features of the protein. However, the spiralin of an S. citri isolate named Shiraz I comprised 346 amino acids and showed a large duplication of the region comprised between two short repeats previously identified in S. citri spiralins. We report in this paper the spiralin diversity in Spiroplasma strains from southern Iran and for the first time a partial internal duplication of the spiralin gene.
- Current microbiology.Curr Microbiol.2014 Jan;68(1):96-104. doi: 10.1007/s00284-013-0437-z. Epub 2013 Sep 1.
- The first-cultured and most-studied spiroplasma is Spiroplasma citri, the causal agent of citrus stubborn disease, one of the three plant-pathogenic, sieve-tube-restricted, and leafhopper vector-transmitted mollicutes. In Iranian Fars province, S. citri cultures were obtained from stubborn affected
- PMID 23995776
Japanese Journal
- 「ケンブリッジ・プラトニストのエピクロス哲学論駁」 : ジョン・スミス『無神論に関する短い講話』
- 人文・社会科学論集 = Toyo Eiwa journal of the humanities and social sciences 32, 1-30, 2015-03
- NAID 120005568891
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- stubborn 【形】 〔人が生まれつき〕頑固な、強情な、意地を張る、負けん気の強... - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。
- What I saw in him -- as evidently as the indestructible ramparts of Old Ticonderoga, already cited as the most appropriate simile -- was the features of stubborn and ponderous endurance, which might well have amounted to obstinacy ...