WordNet

(Persian folklore) a supernatural being descended from fallen angels and excluded from paradise until penance is done
a beautiful and graceful girl
to a particular destination either specified or understood; "she came around to see me"; "I invited them around for supper"
by a circular or circuitous route; "He came all the way around the base"; "the road goes around the pond"
in a circle or circular motion; "The wheels are spinning around"
in circumference; "the trunk is ten feet around"; "the pond is two miles around"
completely enveloping; "the ambient air"; "ambient sound"; "the ambient temperature"
lying around or just outside the edges or outskirts; "circumferential highways around cities"
the 17th letter of the Hebrew alphabet

PrepTutorEJDIC

《beなどの状態を表す動詞,また動作を表す動詞と共に》…『の周りに』(『を』),…の周囲に(を),…をぐるっと取り巻いて / 《米・英話》《be, lieなどの状態を表す動詞と共に》『…のあちこちに』,《移動を表す動詞と共に》『…のあちこちを』,…をぐるっと回って(《英》about) / 《米・英話》どこか…のあたりに,の付近に(《英》about) / 《米・英話》…『を回って』,回ったところに(《英》about) / …を中心として / 《米・英話》およそ,約 / 『周りに』,ぐるりと,一周して / 《米》あちこちに(と)(《英》about) / 《米》周辺に,あたりに,付近に(《英》about) / 《米》曲って,回って(《英》about) / 《米》『回ったところに』,回った向こう側(こちら側)に / 《米》(時期・季節などが)巡って / 《米》(軸を中心に)回転して / 《米》(方向など)ぐるりと変えて / 《米》元に戻って / 《おもに米話》活動して
周囲の,周りの,取り巻いている
『囲む』,周囲の,付近の
…『につき』,…ごとに / 《文》…によって,…で,…を通じて / 《しばしば『as per』…で》…によって示された通りに,…に従って

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/26 20:17:09」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Peri, 1875 Kalighat painting

In Persian mythology, the Peri (Persian: پری‎ pari) are exquisite, winged fairy-like spirits ranking between angels and evil spirits. They sometimes visit the realm of mortals.

In earlier sources they are described as agents of evil who have been denied paradise until they have done penance; later, they are benevolent.

In Persian mythology and literature

At the start of Ferdowsi's epic poem Shahnameh, "The Book of Kings", the divinity Sorush appears in the form of a peri to warn Keyumars (the mythological first man and shah of the world) and his son Siamak of the threats posed by the destructive Ahriman. Peris also form part of the mythological army that Kaiumers eventually draws up to defeat Ahriman and his demonic son. In the Rostam and Sohrab section of the poem, Rostam's paramour, the princess Tahmina, is referred to as "peri-faced" (since she is wearing a veil, the term Peri may include a secondary meaning of disguise or being hidden^{[dubious – discuss]}).

Peris were the target of a lower level of evil beings called دیوسان divs (دَيۋَ daeva), who persecuted them by locking them in iron cages. This persecution was brought about by, as the divs perceived it, the peris' lack of sufficient self-esteem to join the rebellion against perversion.^{[citation needed]}

In Islam

Jinn, notably evil ones, are called Dev by the Persians, and the most powerful referred to as Narahs (which signifies males though there are said to be females too). The good Jinn are the Piri (or Peri in Turkish) which is usually applied to the female. There are lower orders of Jinn, one of which is called Gul or Ghul (from which the English word Ghoul is derived). These are regarded as a kind of female Sheytan or evil Jinni (the male is called Qutrub). Guls are said to be solitary demonic creatures resembling both man and animal; they inhabit cemeteries where they feed on the dead, or lay in wait for a traveler to pass where from they entice and trick him by changing their shape (shape-shifting) to resemble another traveler, and lead him from his course till lost.^{[citation needed]}

Western representations

The term peri appears in the early Oriental tale, Vathek, by William Thomas Beckford, written in French in 1782.

In Thomas Moore's poem Paradise and the Peri, part of his Lalla-Rookh, a peri gains entrance to heaven after three attempts at giving an angel the gift most dear to God. The first attempt is "The last libation Liberty draws/From the heart that bleeds and breaks in her cause", to wit, a drop of blood from a young soldier killed for an attempt on the life of Mahmud of Ghazni. Next is a "Precious sigh/of pure, self-sacrificing love": a sigh stolen from the dying lips of a maiden who died with her lover of plague in the Ruwenzori rather than surviving in exile from the disease and the lover. The third gift, the one that gets the peri into heaven, is a "Tear that, warm and meek/Dew'd that repentant sinner's cheek": the tear of an evil old man who repented upon seeing a child praying in the ruins of the Temple of the Sun at Balbec, Syria. Robert Schumann set Moore's tale to music as a cantata, Paradise and the Peri, using an abridged German translation.

French composer Paul Dukas's last major work was the sumptuous ballet La Péri (1912). Described by the composer as a "poème dansé", it depicts a young Persian prince who travels to the ends of the Earth in a quest to find the lotus flower of immortality, finally encountering its guardian, the Péri.^[1]

Gilbert and Sullivan's 1882 operetta Iolanthe, is subtitled The Peer and the Peri. However the "peris" in this work are also referred to as "fairies" and have little in common with peris in the Persian sense.

In the novel Zariel's Doom (2014) by Joseph Robert Lewis, "peris" appear as small fairy-like creatures with leaf-like wings, insect-like eyes, and four arms (but no legs). They are impish pests that can speak, but can only be understood by angels, and can only repeat words and phrases that have been spoken to them previously.

In terms of popular culture, the line from Moore's 'Paradise and the Peri, 'one morn, a Peri, at the Gate of Eden stood, disconsolate' is quoted in the Doctor Who adventure The Twin Dilemma, when the lead character of the series, the Doctor, compares his travelling companion Peri Brown to a Peri. The Doctor goes on to explain that "a Peri is a good and beautiful fairy in Persian mythology. The interesting thing is, before it became good, it was evil..."

References

^ Blakeman, Edward (1990). Notes to Chandos CD 208852, p. 5

Ferdowsi; Zimmern, Helen (trans.) (1883). "The Epic of Kings". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved October 18, 2011.

External links

Epic of Kings by Ferdowsi, translated by Helen Zimmern (1883)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 消化管における超音波内視鏡ガイド下での穿刺吸引生検 endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the gastrointestinal tract
2. 心筋梗塞の心膜合併症 pericardial complications of myocardial infarction
3. 自家造血幹細胞移植後の肺合併症 pulmonary complications after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation
4. 三尖弁閉鎖不全症のマネージメントおよび予後 management and prognosis of tricuspid regurgitation
5. 貧血と腎移植レシピエント anemia and the renal transplant recipient

English Journal

DECA: A new model for assessing the foliar uptake of atmospheric lead by vegetation, using Lactuca sativa as an example.

Schreck E, Bonnard R, Laplanche C, Leveque T, Foucault Y, Dumat C.SourceUniversité de Toulouse, INP, UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France; CNRS, EcoLab, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
Journal of environmental management.J Environ Manage.2012 Dec 15;112:233-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.006. Epub 2012 Aug 30.
In the context of peri-urban atmospheric pollution by industrial lead recycling emissions, metal can transfer to plant shoots. Home gardeners consuming their produce can therefore be exposed to metal pollution. The Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol (HHRAP) model from the United States Environmen
PMID 22940122

Anuran road-kills neighboring a peri-urban reserve in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil.

Coelho IP, Teixeira FZ, Colombo P, Coelho AV, Kindel A.SourceNERF - Núcleo de Ecologia de Rodovias e Ferrovias, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, CP 15007, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, CP 15007, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: djakare@gmail.com.
Journal of environmental management.J Environ Manage.2012 Dec 15;112:17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.004. Epub 2012 Aug 2.
Mortality from road-kills may figure among the important causes of decline in amphibian populations and species extinctions worldwide. Evaluation of the magnitude, composition, and temporal and spatial distributions of amphibian road-kills is a key step for mitigation planning, especially in peri-ur
PMID 22858802

The biological seal of the implant-soft tissue interface evaluated in a tissue-engineered oral mucosal model.

Chai WL, Brook IM, Palmquist A, van Noort R, Moharamzadeh K.SourceDepartment of General Dental Practice and Oral and Maxillofacial Imaging, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, , Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society.J R Soc Interface.2012 Dec 7;9(77):3528-38. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0507. Epub 2012 Aug 22.
For dental implants, it is vital that an initial soft tissue seal is achieved as this helps to stabilize and preserve the peri-implant tissues during the restorative stages following placement. The study of the implant-soft tissue interface is usually undertaken in animal models. We have developed a
PMID 22915635

Japanese Journal

Comparison of a Hydroxyapatite-Coated and an Anodic Oxidized Titanium Implant for Experimentally Induced Peri-Implantitis : Macroscopic and Novel Radiographic Evaluations in a Canine Model