n.

妥当性、正当性、有効性、有益性

関: adequacy、appropriateness、availability、effective、effectiveness、efficacy、pertinence、reliability、usefulness、valid

WordNet

the quality of having legal force or effectiveness (同)validness
capacity or power to produce a desired effect; "concern about the safety and efficacy of the vaccine" (同)efficaciousness
works well as a means or remedy; "an effective reprimand"; "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat"
producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witchs broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation"-LewisMumford; "effective teaching methods"; "effective steps toward peace"; "made an effective entrance"; "his complaint proved to be effectual in bringing action"; "an efficacious law" (同)effectual, efficacious
able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; "people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons..."-G.B.Shaw; "effective personnel"; "an efficient secretary"; "the efficient cause of the revolution" (同)efficient
exerting force or influence; "the law is effective immediately"; "a warranty good for two years"; "the law is already in effect (or in force)" (同)good, in effect, in force
existing in fact; not theoretical; real; "a decline in the effective demand"; "confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done"
ready for service; "the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers"
well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force; "a valid inference"; "a valid argument"; "a valid contract"
still legally acceptable; "the license is still valid"
the quality of being able to meet a need satisfactorily: "he questioned the adequacy of the usual sentimental interpretation of the Golden Rule" (同)adequateness
appropriate conduct; doing the right thing (同)rightness
the quality of being specially suitable
illogicality as a consequence of having a conclusion that does not follow from the premisses (同)invalidness

PrepTutorEJDIC

(理論・理由などの)『妥当性』,正当性《+of+名》 / (契約などの)有効性,合法性《+of+名》
(…に対する,における)効きめ,効力《+『against』(『in』)+『名』》
『効果的な』,効きめのある / (法律などが)『有効な』,実施されている / 印象深い,感銘的な / 実際に役立つ,実動の
(理論・理由などが)『妥当な』,しっかりした根拠のある / (契約・法律などが)『合法的な』,正式な手続きを踏んだ / (ある期間,またある条件のもとで)有効な
適当であること,妥当性;十分なこと
利用できること,有用性,利用価値
無効,無価値 / =invalidism

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/28 13:46:09」(JST)

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In logic, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false.^[1] It is not required that a valid argument have premises that are actually true,^[2] but to have premises that, if they were true, would guarantee the truth of the argument's conclusion. A formula is valid if and only if it is true under every interpretation, and an argument form (or schema) is valid if and only if every argument of that logical form is valid.

Validity of arguments

An argument is valid if and only if the truth of its premises entails the truth of its conclusion and each step, sub-argument, or logical operation in the argument is valid. Under such conditions it would be self-contradictory to affirm the premises and deny the conclusion. The corresponding conditional of a valid argument is a logical truth and the negation of its corresponding conditional is a contradiction. The conclusion is a logical consequence of its premises.

An argument that is not valid is said to be "invalid".

An example of a valid argument is given by the following well-known syllogism:

All men are mortal.

Socrates is a man.

Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

What makes this a valid argument is not that it has true premises and a true conclusion, but the logical necessity of the conclusion, given the two premises. The argument would be just as valid were the premises and conclusion false. The following argument is of the same logical form but with false premises and a false conclusion, and it is equally valid:

All cups are green.

Socrates is a cup.

Therefore, Socrates is green.

No matter how the universe might be constructed, it could never be the case that these arguments should turn out to have simultaneously true premises but a false conclusion. The above arguments may be contrasted with the following invalid one:

All men are immortal.

Socrates is a man.

Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

In this case, the conclusion contradicts the deductive logic of the preceding premises, rather than deriving from it. Therefore, the argument is logically 'invalid', even though the conclusion could be considered 'true' in general terms. The premise 'All men are immortal' would likewise be deemed false outside of the framework of classical logic. However, within that system 'true' and 'false' essentially function more like mathematical states such as binary 1s and 0s than the philosophical concepts normally associated with those terms.

A standard view is that whether an argument is valid is a matter of the argument's logical form. Many techniques are employed by logicians to represent an argument's logical form. A simple example, applied to two of the above illustrations, is the following: Let the letters 'P', 'Q', and 'S' stand, respectively, for the set of men, the set of mortals, and Socrates. Using these symbols, the first argument may be abbreviated as:

All P are Q.

S is a P.

Therefore, S is a Q.

Similarly, the third argument becomes:

All P are not Q.

S is a P.

Therefore, S is a Q.

An argument is termed formally valid if it has structural self-consistency, i.e. if when the operands between premises are all true the derived conclusion is always also true. In the third example, the initial premises cannot logically result in the conclusion and is therefore categorized as an invalid argument.

Valid formula

A formula of a formal language is a valid formula if and only if it is true under every possible interpretation of the language. In propositional logic, they are tautologies.

Validity of statements

A statement can be called valid, i.e. logical truth, if it is true in all interpretations.

Validity and soundness

Validity of deduction is not affected by the truth of the premise or the truth of the conclusion. The following deduction is perfectly valid:

All animals live on Mars.

All humans are animals.

Therefore, all humans live on Mars.

The problem with the argument is that it is not sound. In order for a deductive argument to be sound, the deduction must be valid and all the premises true.

Satisfiability and validity

Model theory analyzes formulae with respect to particular classes of interpretation in suitable mathematical structures. On this reading, formula is valid if all such interpretations make it true. An inference is valid if all interpretations that validate the premises validate the conclusion. This is known as semantic validity.^[3]

Preservation

In truth-preserving validity, the interpretation under which all variables are assigned a truth value of 'true' produces a truth value of 'true'.

In a false-preserving validity, the interpretation under which all variables are assigned a truth value of 'false' produces a truth value of 'false'.^[4]

Preservation properties	Logical connective sentences
True and false preserving:	Proposition • Logical conjunction (AND, ∧ {\displaystyle \land } ) • Logical disjunction (OR, ∨ {\displaystyle \lor } )
True preserving only:	Tautology ( ⊤ {\displaystyle \top } ) • Biconditional (XNOR, ↔ {\displaystyle \leftrightarrow } ) • Implication ( → {\displaystyle \rightarrow } ) • Converse implication ( ← {\displaystyle \leftarrow } )
False preserving only:	Contradiction ( ⊥ {\displaystyle \bot } ) • Exclusive disjunction (XOR, ⊕ {\displaystyle \oplus } ) • Nonimplication ( ↛ {\displaystyle \nrightarrow } ) • Converse nonimplication ( ↚ {\displaystyle \nleftarrow } )
Non-preserving:	Negation ( ¬ {\displaystyle \neg } ) • Alternative denial (NAND, ↑ {\displaystyle \uparrow } ) • Joint denial (NOR, ↓ {\displaystyle \downarrow } )

n-Validity

A formula A of a first order language ${\mathcal {Q}}$ is n-valid iff it is true for every interpretation of ${\mathcal {Q}}$ that has a domain of exactly n members.

ω-Validity

A formula of a first order language is ω-valid if and only if it is true for every interpretation of the language and it has a domain with an infinite number of members.

References

^ http://www.iep.utm.edu/val-snd/
^ Beall, Jc and Restall, Greg, "Logical Consequence", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/logical-consequence/>
^ L. T. F. Gamut, Logic, Language, and Meaning: Introduction to logic, 1991, p. 115
^ Robert Cogan,"Critical thinking: step by step", University Press of America, 1998, p48

Barwise, Jon; Etchemendy, John. Language, Proof and Logic (1999): 42.
Beer, Francis A. "Validities: A Political Science Perspective", Social Epistemology 7, 1 (1993): 85-105.

External links

Validity and Soundness in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Find more about Validity at Wikipedia's sister projects
	Definitions from Wiktionary

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[The testing strategy for detection of biologically relevant infection of human papillomavirus in head and neck tumors for routine pathological analysis].

Kašpírková J, Ondič O, Cerná K, Skálová A.AbstractThere is a subgroup among head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, which is etiologically linked to the infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). In recent studies, HPV related squamous cell carcinomas have been placed in a separate group because of their different epidemiology, distinctive histopathological characteristics, therapeutic response and clinical outcome. The reported prevalence of high-risk HPV in head and neck tumors varies in different studies. This fact occurs mainly due to the absence of a widely accepted consensus for HPV detection in head and neck malignancies. We present a methodological algorithm for detection of biologically relevant HPV infection: a combination of an immunohistochemical staining of the p16 protein - a surrogate marker for a transforming HPV infection, and a molecular genetic identification of HPV DNA by three different polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The study group consisted of 41 patients with a tumor in head and neck region. A verification of detection of biologically relevant HPV infection has been performed in 10 available samples using an alternative approach, which comprised the detection of RNA transcript of HPV by reverse transcription followed by PCR (RT-PCR), and further in situ hybridization (ISH) with a commercial high-risk HPV probe. We have found a high correlation between HPV DNA detection using triple-PCR approach and strong diffuse positivity of the p16 protein (correlation coefficient 0.94) and have confirmed the validity of this algorithm. In 94 % of HPV related squamous cell carcinomas HPV type 16 was detected. In one case HPV type 33 was identified. That is in agreement with earlier published data. A more appropriate alternative method for the detection of biologically relevant- transforming HPV infection seems to be RT-PCR, which proved 100 % agreement with the original methodological approach of p16 determination and PCR status. Interpretation of the ISH has been complicated by frequent nonspecific staining of the sample and its routine usage in the diagnostic algorithm of our laboratory is currently not feasible.Keywords: HPV - squamous cell carcinoma - head and neck tumors - p16.
Ceskoslovenská patologie.Cesk Patol.2013 Dec;49(1):29-34.
There is a subgroup among head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, which is etiologically linked to the infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). In recent studies, HPV related squamous cell carcinomas have been placed in a separate group because of their different epidemiology, distinctive
PMID 23432073

Reliability and Validity of the Evidence-Based Practice Confidence (EPIC) Scale.

Salbach NM, Jaglal SB, Williams JI.SourceAssistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto. nancy.salbach@utoronto.ca.
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Okuda H, Ogata S, Matsuura S.SourceDivision of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 337-8570 Japan.
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Flavonol glycosides with lipid accumulation inhibitory activity and simultaneous quantitative analysis of 15 polyphenols and caffeine in the flower buds of Camellia sinensis from different regions by LCMS.

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Japanese Journal

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