WordNet

marked by qualities giving the power to produce an intended effect; "written propaganda is less efficacious than the habits and prejudices...of the readers"-Aldous Huxley; "the medicine is efficacious in stopping a cough"
intend (something) to move towards a certain goal; "He aimed his fists towards his opponents face"; "criticism directed at her superior"; "direct your anger towards others, not towards yourself" (同)aim, place, direct, point
sports equipment consisting of an object set up for a marksman or archer to aim at (同)butt
a reference point to shoot at; "his arrow hit the mark" (同)mark
the location of the target that is to be hit (同)target area
a person who is a participating member of an organization; "the club issues a list of members, both the actives and the retirees"
tending to become more severe or wider in scope; "active tuberculosis"
in operation; "keep hope alive"; "the tradition was still alive"; "an active tradition" (同)alive
engaged in or ready for military or naval operations; "on active duty"; "the platoon is combat-ready"; "review the fighting forces" (同)combat-ready, fighting
(used of verbs (e.g. `to run' (同)dynamic
taking part in an activity; "an active member of the club"; "he was politically active"; "the participating organizations" (同)participating
(of e.g. volcanos) capable of erupting
(of e.g. volcanos) erupting or liable to erupt; "active volcanos"
(of the sun) characterized by an increased occurrence of sunspots and flares and radio emissions
characterized by energetic activity; "an active toddler"; "active as a gazelle"; "an active man is a man of action"
disposed to take action or effectuate change; "a director who takes an active interest in corporate operations"; "an active antagonism"; "he was active in drawing attention to their grievances"
engaged in full-time work; "active duty"; "though past retirement age he is still active in his profession"
exerting influence or producing a change or effect; "an active ingredient"
expressing that the subject of the sentence has the semantic function of actor: "Hemingway favors active constructions"
full of activity or engaged in continuous activity; "an active seaport"; "an active bond market"; "an active account"
works well as a means or remedy; "an effective reprimand"; "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat"
producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witchs broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation"-LewisMumford; "effective teaching methods"; "effective steps toward peace"; "made an effective entrance"; "his complaint proved to be effectual in bringing action"; "an efficacious law" (同)effectual, efficacious
able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; "people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons..."-G.B.Shaw; "effective personnel"; "an efficient secretary"; "the efficient cause of the revolution" (同)efficient
exerting force or influence; "the law is effective immediately"; "a warranty good for two years"; "the law is already in effect (or in force)" (同)good, in effect, in force
existing in fact; not theoretical; real; "a decline in the effective demand"; "confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done"
ready for service; "the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers"
well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force; "a valid inference"; "a valid argument"; "a valid contract"
still legally acceptable; "the license is still valid"
in actuality or reality or fact; "she is effectively his wife"; "in effect, they had no choice" (同)in effect
lacking the power to produce a desired effect; "laws that are inefficacious in stopping crime"
in an effective manner; "these are real problems that can be dealt with most effectively by rational discussion" (同)effectively
in an ineffective manner; "he dealt with the problem rather ineffectively" (同)ineffectively

PrepTutorEJDIC

(特に薬・治療法などが)効きめのある,効果的な
(鉄砲などの)『標的』,的,攻撃目標 / (批評・軽べつなどの)的,種《+of+名》 / (行為などの)目標,到達目標
『活動的な』,活発な,活気のある / 『有効な』,(薬の効力などが)まだ働いている,機能している / (軍務で)現役の / 『積極的な』,実際的な / 能動態の
『効果的な』,効きめのある / (法律などが)『有効な』,実施されている / 印象深い,感銘的な / 実際に役立つ,実動の
(理論・理由などが)『妥当な』,しっかりした根拠のある / (契約・法律などが)『合法的な』,正式な手続きを踏んだ / (ある期間,またある条件のもとで)有効な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/29 10:22:18」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Efficacy is the capacity for beneficial change (or therapeutic effect) of a given intervention, most commonly used in the practice of medicine and pharmacology.

Medicine

In medicine, efficacy is the capacity for beneficial change (or therapeutic effect) of a given intervention (for example a drug, medical device, surgical procedure, or a public health intervention). If efficacy is established, an intervention is likely to be at least as good as other available interventions, to which it will have been compared. Comparisons of this type are typically made in 'explanatory' randomized controlled trials, whereas 'pragmatic' trials are used to establish the effectiveness of an intervention.

When talking in terms of efficacy vs. effectiveness, effectiveness relates to how well a treatment works in the practice of medicine, as opposed to efficacy, which measures how well treatment works in clinical trials or laboratory studies.^[1]

Pharmacology

In pharmacology, efficacy ( $E max$ ) is the maximum response achievable from a drug.^[2] Intrinsic activity is a relative term that describes a drug's efficacy relative to a drug with the highest observed efficacy. Effectiveness refers to the ability of a drug to produce a beneficial effect. A distinction is made between 'method' effectiveness which describes the effect achievable if the drug was taken as prescribed and 'use' effectiveness which is the effect obtained under typical use circumstances when adherence is not 100%. The widely used intention to treat method of analysing clinical trials provides estimates of 'use' effectiveness which are typically biased compared with 'method' effectiveness. Efficacy is the magnitude of response with respect to the K_d.

References

^ How FDA Approves Drugs see textbox pg 4. There is some confusion caused by the fact that the FDA has a mandate to insure that drugs are "safe and effective," but in reality the FDA will approve drugs that have been proven to have clinical efficacy, without any of the required proof of "clinical effectiveness" by this definition.
^ Holford NHG, Sheiner LB. Understanding the dose-effect relationship: clinical application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1981;6(6):429-53.

UpToDate Contents

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1. Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adults
2. 成人の神経性過食症：薬物療法 bulimia nervosa in adults pharmacotherapy
3. 成人における双極性障害：第2世代抗精神病薬による大うつ病の治療 bipolar disorder in adults treating major depression with second generation antipsychotics
4. 成人における双極性障害：急性うつ病の薬物療法 bipolar disorder in adults pharmacotherapy for acute depression
5. 小児単極性うつ病および薬物療法：薬剤の選択 pediatric unipolar depression and pharmacotherapy choosing a medication

English Journal

Sorafenib and HDAC inhibitors synergize with TRAIL to kill tumor cells.

Hamed HA, Yamaguchi Y, Fisher PB, Grant S, Dent P.SourceDepartment of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2013 Oct;228(10):1996-2005. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24362.
The present studies were designed to compare and contrast the abilities of TRAIL (death receptor agonist) and obatoclax (BCL-2 family inhibitor) to enhance sorafenib + HDAC inhibitor toxicity in GI tumor cells. Sorafenib and HDAC inhibitor treatment required expression of CD95 to kill GI tumor c
PMID 23674352

A Clinical Trial of In-Home CBT for Depressed Mothers in Home Visitation.

Ammerman RT, Putnam FW, Altaye M, Stevens J, Teeters AR, Van Ginkel JB.SourceCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Electronic address: robert.ammerman@cchmc.org.
Behavior therapy.Behav Ther.2013 Sep;44(3):359-72. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2013.01.002. Epub 2013 Feb 4.
Despite negative outcomes for depressed mothers and their children, no treatment specifically designed to address maternal depression in the context of home visitation has emerged. In-Home Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (IH-CBT) is an adapted treatment that is delivered in the home, focuses on the nee
PMID 23768664

Identification of a small molecule targeting annexin A7.

Li H, Liu N, Wang S, Wang L, Zhao J, Su L, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Xu Z, Zhao B, Miao J.SourceShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2013 Sep;1832(9):2092-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.015. Epub 2013 May 4.
Autophagy involves multiple membrane trafficking and fusion events. Annexin A7 (ANXA7) is postulated to play a role in membrane fusion during exocytosis, while the contribution of ANXA7 to autophagy is poorly understood. Our recent studies demonstrated that ABO could promote autophagy via elevation
PMID 23651924

Long-chain omega-3 Fatty Acid deficiency in mood disorders: rationale for treatment and prevention.

McNamara RK.SourceDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 260 Stetson Street, Rm. 3306, Cincinnati, OH 45218-051, USA. robert.mcnamara@uc.edu.
Current drug discovery technologies.Curr Drug Discov Technol.2013 Sep 1;10(3):233-44.
Major recurrent mood disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with significant psychosocial morbidity and excess premature mortality primarily attributable to suicide and coronary heart disease. Limited efficacy and adverse side-effects associated
PMID 21838665

Japanese Journal

Orthography for Interaction in English as a Lingua Franca : Temporarily Attenuating the Importance of Phonology

O'neal George,オニールジョージ
言語の普遍性と個別性 5, 51-79, 2014-03
… Examining repair sequences collected from Skype conversations between Speakers of English as a Lingua Franca, this paper concludes that orthographic repair is an efficacious secondary repair strategy that can be used during interactions to reestablish intelligibility after a communication breakdown has occurred. …
NAID 120005425706

壊死性膵炎後walled-off necrosisに対する複合的治療

山田玲子,井上宏之,野尻圭一郎,二宮克仁,田野俊介,葛原正樹,濱田康彦,田中匡介,堀木紀行,竹井謙之
日本消化器内視鏡学会雑誌 56(1), 58-63, 2014
壊死性膵炎後のwalled-off necrosis（WON）に対し，初期に超音波内視鏡（endoscopic ultrasonography；EUS）下ドレナージを行った3例（男/女＝2/1，平均68歳：EUS群）とCTガイド下ドレナージを行った3例（男/女＝2/1，平均55歳：CT群）の治癒過程を検討し，各治療法の有用性を評価した．EUS下ドレナージ後のネクロセクトミーは治療期間を短縮できたが …
NAID 130003395949

The Limits of Medical Interventions for the Elimination of Preventable Blindness

Goldschmidt Pablo,Einterz Ellen
Tropical Medicine and Health 42(1), 43-52, 2014
… Trachoma recurrence detected in 2013 in sedentary populations of Kolofata receiving efficacious treatments against Chlamydia sp. …
NAID 130003392439

活動性潰瘍性大腸炎に対する外来タクロリムス投与の安全性および血中濃度推移に関する探索的検討

長沼誠,鈴木康夫,松岡克善,国崎玲子,吉村直樹,長堀正和,渡辺守
Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 111(2), 276-287, 2014
活動性潰瘍性大腸炎に対する外来タクロリムス投与の安全性，血中トラフ値の推移，有効性について検討した．20例中16例で有害事象が認められたが，タクロリムスの中止・減量，対処療法により消失・回復した．投与開始後1週目，2週目までにトラフ値が10ng/mLに達していた症例は60％，95％であった．治療開始後12週目の寛解導入率は25％，有効率は55％であり，再燃寛解型，免疫調節薬未使用例，インフリキシマ …
NAID 130003391998