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the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)r

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resistance / 17歳以下父兄同伴映画の表示 / rook

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/04 16:51:28」(JST)

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[Wiki ja表示]

1964年のRCA カラー・テレビジョン・フェア

RCA 74 Jr. ベロシティ・リボン式マイクロフォン

RCA 808 真空管

RCA 放送用のミキシング・コンソール

RCA 2インチ・テープ使用の業務用ビデオ・レコーダー

RCA AR-88 通信機器

RCAは、1919年に創立され、1986年まで存続したアメリカ合衆国のエレクトロニクス（電気機器・半導体）事業を中心とする企業であり、そのブランドである。RCAという社名は「Radio Corporation of America」（アメリカ・ラジオ会社）の短縮形。

現在はテクニカラー社（Technicolor SA、旧トムソン）が所有する登録商標であり、商標使用権売却により様々な商品分野でRCAブランドの商品が販売されている。

北米では「蓄音機に耳を傾ける犬ニッパー」の商標を使用していた（もともとは英グラモフォンの商標）。

設立当初は全米各地のラジオ会社の大半を傘下に収めると共に、RCAレコード・NBCなどのメディア事業を経営、1923年までに海底ケーブルを利用した大西洋通信の3割、太平洋通信の5割を市場占有した。一方でロックフェラー・センターにRCAビル（現・GEビルディング）を竣工。1970年代にはハーツレンタカーなど本業との関連が薄い企業もM&Aで保有していた。

エレクトロニクス部門

エレクトロニクス部門では、真空管・半導体技術に優れ、真空管のメーカーとしては古くから世界的な名門であった。半導体時代に入ってからもGEの特許によるサイリスタなどのパワーデバイス、世界標準となったCMOSロジックIC4000シリーズ、同じくCMOS技術による最初のCPU "COSMAC"シリーズ（CDP1801／CDP1802）などで知られた。CMOSの省電力性に優れた特徴から、CDP1802はボイジャー探査機にも搭載された。

RCA設立以前のGE時代よりテレビ受像器の開発に着手し、世界初のカラーテレビの市販化を手がけた。日本においてテレビ開発が行われていた時期、電気回路に関する特許の使用を日本法人（アールシーエー技術研究所）を通じて容認し、その後のテレビ開発を支えるに土台となった事や、「RCA端子」とも呼ばれるAV端子の規格を作った事でも知られる。

CEDビデオディスク

同社は、民生用において繰り返し録画再生が出来るビデオカセットレコーダー（VCR）よりも、“絵の出るレコード”と言われたビデオディスクの開発に注力しており、1960年代から着手した静電容量方式のCED開発に50億ドルの開発費用を費やし、1981年に「セレクタビジョン」の商標で北米（NTSC）およびイギリス向けのPAL版が発売された。

RCA及び日立や三洋、東芝などの日本家電メーカーが製造販売し、OEM供給を請けた米国ゼニス（現在はLGの別ブランド）、映写機メーカーのエルモ、シアーズ、J.C.ペニー、タンディー・ラジオシャック（リアリスティック）などのストアブランド、PBブランド他から大量に流通された。^{[要検証 – ノート]}

日本においては、当時VHSビデオデッキをRCAへOEM供給（松下に継いで2代目）していた日立製作所に市販化を要請したものの、VHDとレーザーディスク間での規格競争が繰り広げられ、1978年にゼネラルから先行して市販されたTeD方式（独・テレフンケンが開発。ディスク形状はソノシートに近く、収録時間も10分程度）が失敗に終わったことなどから、コレクター向けの直輸入品を除き、日本で市販されることは無かった。

なお、VHDはCEDと同様にキャディーごと再生機に投入してディスクの出し入れを行うが、VHDはディスク上に溝が無いなど、規格は全く別物である。

1984年4月にCED事業撤退が報じられる。莫大な開発費用の回収に見合う収益が見込めないためとされる。1985年まで供給は続けられた。

終焉

1984年に表面化したCEDビデオディスクの商業的な大失敗により経営が悪化し、1986年12月にかつての親会社ゼネラル・エレクトリックへ買収・吸収された。翌1987年にジャック・ウェルチの方針により、旧RCAの家電部門はトムソンに、RCAの子会社であったRCAレコードはドイツのメディア・コングロマリットのベルテルスマンに売却された。

「RCAレコード」および「BMG」を参照

日本でのRCAレコードは、当初はビクター音楽産業（現・JVCケンウッド・ビクターエンタテインメント）が担っていたが、1975年に日本ビクター（現・JVCケンウッド）と米RCAレコードの合弁によりRVC株式会社が設立され移管された。その後、親会社の資本構成の変遷（ソニーBMGの発足）により、現在は株式会社ソニー・ミュージックエンタテインメントへ吸収されている。

「BMG JAPAN」を参照

RCAブランド

過去、北米市場でトムソンが販売したRCAブランドのビデオカメラなど、高付加価値の商品は日本ビクターからのOEM。デジタルオーディオプレーヤ、ポータブルプレーヤ、クロックラジオなどはタイのメーカー製。液晶テレビに関しては、トムソンのグループ企業である中国・TCL及び周辺企業から供給されていた。

しばらくは、これらトムソンのデジタルAV機器部門、及び、衛星放送向けのセットトップボックスブランドだったが、デジタルカメラ部門を中国資本のGE Imagesにブランドを貸与（GEブランド）、RCAオーディオアクセサリー部門をAudioVoxへブランド貸与を開始し、トムソンは世界各地で自社ブランドで展開を開始。コンピュータ映像編集関連製品は日本企業のPC周辺機器メーカーであるカノープスを買収したトムソン・カノープス、USBオーディオやゼネラルオーディオはexe mode（エグゼ・モード。デジカメブランドとしてYASHICA、AGFA・PHOTOを使用している）が日本市場でのトムソンブランドのセールスを開始。これまでのRCAブランドは一部地域を除き、ほぼ全世界での使用停止を発表、同時に新しいライセンス先を探している。その後トムソン社は2010年にテクニカラー社と社名変更した。

なお、現状のRCAブランドについてはRCAブランド商標管理事業（英語）を参照されたい。

歴史

1919年 - ゼネラル・エレクトリックのオーウェン・D・ヤングが提案・創立する。素地はマルコーニ社。
1926年 - 放送会社・National Broadcasting Company（NBC）を設立する。
1928年 - ハリウッドの映画会社RKOに資本参画する。
1929年 - ビクタートーキングマシン（当時の日本ビクター親会社）を買収し、RCAビクター（現・RCAレコード）を設立する。
1930年 - 世界最初の電気式蓄音機を発売開始。
1939年 - 米のテレビ試験放送開始に伴い、白黒テレビ受像機（TRK-12・TRK-9・TRK-5・TT-5）を一般発売。
1949年 - 同社初の1/4インチ幅磁気テープ用のオーディオ・テープ・レコーダー（RT-1?）を開発、製造。
1953年
- 春頃 - 通常の白黒放送と両立性のある新しいカラー方式（Compatible RCA方式）を開発。後のNTSC方式の基礎となる。
- 中頃 - 1/4インチ磁気テープを使用したステレオ・テープ・レコーダーRT-21を開発、製造。
- 末頃 - 米連邦通信委員会（FCC）の全米テレビジョン方式委員会（NTSC）にて正式決定した同方式による世界初のカラーテレビ受像機を発売。
1954年 - LP、EP用のアナログ・レコードの録音・再生用カーブとしてNew Orthophonicを開発。同年後にRIAAの標準カーブとして採用され、これは現在も、アナログ・レコードの標準仕様となっている。
1957年
- 初め頃 - 米NBCテレビ向けに2インチの白黒VTRの製造、販売を開始。
- 11月頃 - 2インチの白黒VTRを独自に改造した、世界初の実用化2インチカラーVTRを開発、製造。米NBCに於いての運用を開始する。
1958年 - ステレオ・レコードの発売に伴い、同ソフトの再生装置が入ったステレオ・セットを発売する。
1959年初め - 2インチカラーVTRの方式にて、米アンペックスの別の方式（ローバンド方式）に合意。同VTRの製造を同方式の物に切り替える。
1968年 - CMOS標準ロジックIC、CD4000シリーズの販売開始
1969年 - 社名をRCAと改称する。
1981年 - カラーテレビを上回る費用を投じて開発された「CEDビデオディスク（商品名：セレクタビジョン）」の再生機とビデオディスクソフトがアメリカで市販化される。
1984年4月 - CEDの商業的な失敗がCNNなどで報じられる。
1986年12月 - RCAグループ全体をGEが凡そ64億ドル（概算1兆2000億円）で買収する。CED事業の失敗で大損したことが一因とされる。この買収額は当時のアメリカ企業による最高額であり、GEのコングロマリット化を推し進める象徴でもあった。
1987年- GEはNBC事業を残し、その他の事業・資産をトムソンとベルテルスマンに売却。
2002年 - トムソンは中国の家電メーカー・TCL社と、RCAブランドのテレビなどの生産・流通の合弁事業を開始。
2003年 - 「蓄音機に耳を傾ける犬ニッパー」の商標をGEからトムソンが買収。但しBMGの持つ使用権は継続。
2006年 - トムソンは家電アクセサリー部門とその分野でのRCAブランドの使用権をAudiovox社に売却。
2007年 - トムソンは欧州域外の家電事業とその分野でのRCAブランドの使用権の売却を決定。

日本での事業

日本では、RCAのエレクトロニクス機器は業務用機器等ごく一部を除いて市販されなかった。

RVC株式会社 - ビクター音楽産業が担っていたRCAレコード部門がスピンアウトする形で日本ビクターがRCAレコードを合弁で設立。邦楽もRCAレーベルで出されていた。前述の経営不振のため1987年にRCAレコードの経営権がベルテルスマンへ移った事に伴い、新たに設立したBMGビクター（後にBMG JAPANへ社名変更）へ事業譲渡し解散。なお、「RCA」のロゴ表記は図案化されたボールド体であったが、BMG傘下の1990年代に原点回帰に近いデザインへ変更され、主にクラシック音楽レーベルのRCAレッド・シール・レコード (en:RCA Red Seal Records)のロゴとしてソニーBMG傘下の現在も使われている。
- BMG JAPANは2008年にBMGが米ソニー・ミュージックエンタテインメントへ事業が吸収されたのを機に、SMEJの子会社を経て同社に吸収合併され解散し、制作部門はSMEJ傘下で再編された（現在のアリオラジャパンとソニー・ミュージックジャパンインターナショナル・RCA/JIVEグループ）。

「BMG JAPAN」を参照

アール・シー・エー・コロンビア・ピクチャーズ・ビデオ株式会社 - 米コロンビア映画とRCAレコードの合弁でビデオソフト事業を手がけるRCA Columbia Pictures International Videoの日本法人として1984年に設立。1989年のソニーによるコロンビア映画の買収により、関係会社を統合した上でソニー・ピクチャーズエンタテインメントに社名変更し、引き続き事業を行っている。
株式会社トムソン技術研究所 - 仏トムソンが有するMP3や旧RCA社の技術ライセンス管理を行っている日本現地法人。1999年まではGE傘下の「アールシーエー技術研究所」であった。

外部リンク

RCA（英語）：RCAブランド事業の公式ウェブサイト

この項目は、企業に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（ウィキプロジェクト経済）。

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

RCA Corporation, founded as the Radio Corporation of America, was an American electronics company in existence from 1919^[2] to 1986. General Electric took over the company in 1985^[3] and split it up the following year.^[4]

The RCA trademark is used by Sony Music Entertainment and Technicolor, which licenses the name to other companies such as Voxx International and TCL Corporation for products descended from that common ancestor.^[2]

1 Origins
- 1.1 Organization by General Electric
- 1.2 Establishment
- 1.3 Broadcast expansion
2 Radio
- 2.1 Phonograph
- 2.2 Separation from General Electric
- 2.3 Electronic television
3 Diversification
4 Later years
- 4.1 Takeover and break-up by GE
5 Legacy
6 Environmental record
7 Photo gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

Origins

Organization by General Electric

After World War I began in August 1914, radio traffic across the Atlantic Ocean increased dramatically after the western Allies cut the German transatlantic telegraph cables. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and their allies in Europe (collectively known as the Central Powers) maintained contact with neutral countries in the Americas via long-distance radio communications, as well as telegraph cables owned by neutral countries such as the Netherlands and Denmark.

In 1917 the government of the United States took charge of the patents owned by the major companies involved in radio manufacture in the United States to devote radio technology to the war effort. All production of radio equipment was allocated to the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, and the U.S. Coast Guard. The War Department and the Navy Department sought to maintain a federal monopoly of all uses of radio technology. The wartime takeover of all radio systems ended late in 1918, when the U.S. Congress failed to pass a bill which would have extended this monopoly. The war ended in November of that year.

The ending of the federal government's monopoly in radio communications did not prevent the War and Navy Departments from creating a national radio system for the United States.^[5] On 8 April 1919, naval Admiral W. H. G. Bullard and Captain Stanford C. Hooper met with executives of the General Electric Corporation (GE) and asked them to discontinue selling the company's Alexanderson alternators (used in the high-power AM radio transmitters of that era) to the British-owned Marconi Company, and to its subsidiary, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America.

The proposal presented by the government was that if GE created an American-owned radio company, then the Army and Navy would effect a monopoly of long-distance radio communications via this company. This marked the beginning of a series of negotiations through which GE would buy the American Marconi company and then incorporate what would be called the Radio Corporation of America.^[6]

Establishment

Original RCA logo. A later variation of this logo was revived by BMG after it bought RCA Records from GE, and is still used by Sony Music today.

The incorporation of the assets of Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America (including David Sarnoff^[7]), the Pan-American Telegraph Company, and those already controlled by the United States Navy led to a new publicly held company formed by General Electric (which owned a controlling interest) on October 17, 1919.^[8] The following cooperation among RCA, General Electric, the United Fruit Company, the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, and American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) brought about innovations in high-power radio technology, and also the founding of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in the US. The Army and the Navy granted RCA the former American Marconi radio terminals that had been confiscated during the War. Admiral Bullard received a seat on the Board of Directors of RCA for his efforts in establishing RCA. The result was federally-created monopolies in radio for GE and the Westinghouse Corporation and in telephone systems for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company.^{[citation needed]}

The argument by the Department of War and the Department of the Navy that the usable radio frequencies were limited, and hence needed to be appropriated for use before other countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Canada monopolized them, collapsed in the mid-1920s following the discovery of the practicality of the use of the shortwave radio band (3.0 MHz through 30.0 MHz) for very long-range radio communications.^{[citation needed]}

The first chief executive officer of RCA was Owen D. Young; David Sarnoff became its general manager. RCA's incorporation papers required that a majority of its stock be held by American citizens. RCA agreed to market the radio equipment manufactured by GE and Westinghouse, and in follow-on agreements, RCA also acquired the radio patents that had been held by Westinghouse and the United Fruit Company. As the years went on, RCA either took over, or produced for itself, a large number of patents, including that of the superheterodyne receiver invented by Edwin Armstrong.^{[citation needed]}

Over the years, RCA continued to operate international telecommunications services, under its subsidiary RCA Communications, Inc., and later the RCA Global Communications Company.^{[citation needed]}

Broadcast expansion

By 1926 the market for commercial radio had expanded, and RCA purchased the WEAF and WCAP radio stations and networks from AT&T, merged them with its WJZ (the predecessor of WABC) New York to WRC (presently WTEM) Washington chain, and formed the National Broadcasting Company (NBC).

Radio

GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, when GE began production, until 1930.^[9] Westinghouse also marketed home radios through RCA until 1930.^[10]

Phonograph

RCA trademark exhibit at Heritage Museum in Big Spring, Texas (2004 photograph)

In 1929, RCA purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the world's largest manufacturer of phonographs (including the famous "Victrola") and phonograph records. This included a majority ownership of the Victor Company of Japan (JVC). The new subsidiary then became RCA-Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the Nipper trademark. This Trademark is also the trademark for the British music & entertainment company HMV who now display Nipper in Silhouette. RCA Victor produced many radio-phonographs and also created RCA Photophone, a sound-on-film system for sound films that competed with William Fox's sound-on-film Movietone and Warner Bros.' sound-on-disc Vitaphone.

The acquisition of Victor also gave RCA superior manufacturing and distribution capability with its newly acquired factories in Camden, New Jersey which added the manufacturing of radios as well as phonographs and records.^[11]

RCA began selling the first electronic turntable in 1930. In 1931, RCA Victor began selling 33⅓ rpm records. These had the standard groove size (the same width as the contemporary 78 rpm records), rather than the "microgroove" used in post-World War II 33⅓ "Long Play" records. The format was a commercial failure at the height of the Great Depression, partly because the records and playback equipment were expensive, and partly because the audio performance was poor; it would require the smaller-radius stylus of the microgroove system to make slower-speed records perform acceptably. The system was withdrawn from the market after about a year. (This was not the first attempt at a commercial long play record format, as Edison Records had marketed a microgroove vertically recorded disc with 20 minutes playing time per side the previous decade; the Edison long-playing records were also a commercial failure.) Also in the Thirties, RCA sold the modernistic RCA Victor M Special, a polished aluminum portable record player designed by John Vassos. It has become an icon of Thirties American industrial design.^[12]

In 1930, RCA agreed to occupy the yet-to-be-constructed landmark building of the Rockefeller Center complex, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, which in 1933 became known as the RCA building, now the Comcast Building. This critical lease in the massive project enabled it to proceed as a commercially viable venture.^[13]

In 1932, RCA introduced the Duo Jr. turntable designed to be plugged into radios.^[14]

Separation from General Electric

In 1930, the U.S. Department of Justice brought antitrust charges against RCA, General Electric and Westinghouse. As a result, GE and Westinghouse gave up their ownership interests in RCA. RCA was allowed to keep its radio factories, and GE and Westinghouse were allowed to compete in that business after 30 months.

Ad for the beginning of regularly scheduled television broadcasting in New York City by RCA-NBC in April, 1939 via station W2XBS, the forerunner of today's WNBC

Electronic television

RCA demonstrated an all-electronic television system at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and developed the USA's first television test pattern. RCA began regular experimental television broadcasting from the NBC studios to the New York metropolitan area on April 30, 1939 via station W2XBS, Channel 1 (which evolved into WNBC channel 4) from a transmitter atop the Empire State Building.^[15] At the same time, RCA began selling their first television set models in various New York stores.^[16] With the introduction of the NTSC standard, the Federal Communications Commission authorized the start of commercial television transmission on July 1, 1941. World War II slowed the deployment of television in the US, but RCA again began selling television sets almost immediately after the war ceased. (See also: History of television) RCA was involved in radar and radio development in support of the war effort. RCA ranked 43rd among United States corporations in the value of wartime military production contracts.^[17] This greatly assisted RCA in its television research.

RCA was a major producer of vacuum tubes (branded Radiotron) in the US, creating a series of innovative products ranging from octal base metal tubes co-developed with General Electric before WWII to the transistor-sized Nuvistor used in the tuners of the New Vista series of TV sets. The Nuvistor tubes were a last hurrah for vacuum tubes, and were meant to compete with the newly introduced transistor. Their combined power in the marketplace was so strong that they effectively set the selling prices for vacuum tubes in the US. By 1975, the company had completely switched from tubes to solid-state devices in their television sets, except for the main cathode ray tube (CRT).

Antitrust concerns led FCC to force the breakup of the NBC radio networks, a breakup affirmed by the United States Supreme Court. On October 12, 1943, the "NBC Blue" radio network was sold to candy magnate Edward J. Noble for $8,000,000, and renamed "The Blue Network, Inc". It would become the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1946. The "NBC Red" network retained the NBC name, and RCA retained ownership.

Television test pattern created by RCA in 1939

RCA Television Quad head 2" color recorder/ reproducer used at broadcast studios in the late 1960s, 70s and early 80s. Based on a design originally developed by Ampex in the mid-1950s, it used a vertical scanning drum with head motion at 90° to tape direction. This method was developed prior to helical scanning, used in commercial and home tape machines.

Diversification

David Sarnoff with the first RCA videotape recorder, 1954.

In 1941, before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the cornerstone was laid for a research and development facility, RCA Laboratories in Princeton, New Jersey, led for many years by Elmer Engstrom. This lab developed many innovations, such as color television, the electron microscope, CMOS-based technology, heterojunction physics, optoelectronic emitting devices, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), videocassette recorders, direct broadcast television, direct broadcast satellite systems and high-definition television. From 1988 to January 2011, the Lab was called Sarnoff Corporation, a subsidiary of SRI International, after which it was fully integrated into SRI.^[18]

During World War II and beyond, RCA set up several new divisions, for defense, space exploration and other activities. The RCA Service Corporation provided large numbers of staff for the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line. RCA units won five Army–Navy ‘E’ Awards for Excellence in production.^[19] Also during the war, ties between RCA and JVC were severed.

In 1949, RCA Victor released the first 45 rpm record to the public, to compete with CBS/Columbia's 33⅓ rpm "LP" format. The RCA 33⅓ rpm "LP" records themselves became a reality in 1950,^[20]^[21] and in 1951, so did the CBS/Columbia 45 rpm record.^[22]

In 1953, RCA's all-electronic color TV technology was adopted as the standard for American color TV. It is now known as NTSC (after the "National Television System Committee" that approved it). RCA cameras and studio gear, particularly of the TK-40/41 series, became standard equipment at many American television network affiliates, as RCA CT-100^[23] ("RCA Merrill" to dealers) television sets introduced color television to the public.

In 1955, RCA sold its Estate large appliance operations to Whirlpool Corporation. As part of the deal, Whirlpool was given the right to market "RCA Whirlpool" appliances through the mid-1960s.

Despite the company's indisputable leadership in television technology, David Sarnoff in 1955 commented, "Television will never be a medium of entertainment".

RCA was one of several major computer companies (see also: Computing) that also included IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation, Burroughs, Control Data Corporation, General Electric, Honeywell, NCR and Sperry Rand through most of the 1960s. RCA marketed the Spectra 70 Series (models 15, 25, 35, 45, 46, 55, 60 and 61) that were hardware, but not software, compatible with IBM’s System/360 series, and the RCA Series (RCA 2, 3, 6, 7) competing against the IBM System/370.^[24] These systems all ran RCA’s real-memory operating systems, DOS and TDOS. RCA’s virtual memory systems, the Spectra 70/46 and 70/61 and the RCA 3 and 7, could also run their Virtual Memory Operating System, VMOS. VMOS was originally named TSOS (Time Sharing Operating System), but was renamed to expand the system beyond the time-sharing market. TSOS was the first mainframe, demand paging, virtual memory operating system on the market. The English Electric System 4 range, the 4-10, 4-30, 4-50, 4-70 and the time-sharing 4-75 computers were essentially RCA Spectra 70 clones of the IBM System/360 and 370 range. RCA abandoned computers in 1971. Sperry Rand officially took over the RCA base in January 1972.

RCA Graphic Systems Division (GSD) was an early supplier of electronics designed for the printing and publishing industries. It contracted with German company Rudolf Hell to market adaptations of the Digiset photocomposition system as the Videocomp, and a Laser Color Scanner. The Videocomp was supported by a Spectra computer that ran the Page-1 and, later the Page-II and FileComp composition systems. RCA later sold the Videocomp rights to Information International Inc. (III).

RCA was a major proponent of the eight-track tape cartridge, which it launched in 1965. The eight-track cartridge initially had a huge and profitable impact on the consumer marketplace. Sales of the 8-track tape format peaked early as consumers increasingly favored the compact cassette tape format developed by Philips.

Later years

Two vacuum tube cartons, displaying different generations of the RCA logo

David Sarnoff, whose ambition and business acumen had helped RCA become one of the world's largest companies, turned the company over to his son Robert in 1970. David died the next year, aged 80.

On September 17, 1971, the NBC Nightly News read a news bulletin issued by the RCA Board of Directors just minutes before the broadcast, announcing the Board's decision to cease operation of its general-purpose computer systems division (RCA-CSD). This marked a milestone in RCA's move away from technology and into a diversified conglomerate. (The introduction by IBM of the 370 series required RCA to make a substantial new investment in its computer division, and the Board decided against making that investment.)

During the late 1960s and 1970s, RCA Corporation, as it was now formally known, ventured into other markets. Under Robert Sarnoff's leadership, RCA diversified far beyond electronics and communications, in a broader American corporate trend toward "conglomerates." The company acquired Hertz (rental cars), Banquet (frozen foods), Coronet (carpeting), Random House (publishing) and Gibson (greeting cards), yet slipped into financial disarray, with wags calling it "Rugs Chickens & Automobiles" to poke fun at their attempt at becoming a conglomerate.^[25]

Robert Sarnoff was ousted in a 1975 boardroom coup by Anthony Conrad, who resigned a year later after he admitted failing to file income tax returns for six years. RCA maintained its high standards of engineering excellence in broadcast engineering and satellite communications equipment, but ventures such as the NBC radio and television networks declined.

In about 1980, RCA corporate strategy reported on moving manufacture of its television sets to Mexico. RCA was still profitable in 1983, when it switched manufacturing of its VHS VCRs from Panasonic to Hitachi.

Forays into new consumer electronics products lost money. The SelectaVision videodisc system, not to be confused with the same trademark that RCA applied to its VCRs, never developed the manufacturing volumes to substantially bring down its price, could not compete against cheaper, recordable videotape technology, and was abandoned in 1985 for a write-off of several hundred million dollars.

In 1981, Columbia sold its share in the home video division to RCA and its division was renamed outside of North America to "RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video" and the following year, it was renamed in North America to "RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video".

In 1983, Arista Records owner Bertelsmann sold 50% of Arista to RCA. In 1985, Bertelsmann and RCA formed a joint venture called RCA/Ariola International which took over management of RCA Records.^[26]

In 1984, RCA Broadcast Systems Division moved from Camden, New Jersey, to the site of the RCA antenna engineering facility in Gibbsboro, New Jersey. On October 3, 1985, RCA announced it was closing the Broadcast Systems Division.^[27] In the years that followed, the broadcast product lines developed in Camden were terminated or sold off, and most of the buildings demolished, except for a few of the original RCA Victor buildings that had been declared national historical buildings.^[28] For several years, RCA spinoff L-3 Communications Systems East was headquartered in the building, but has since moved to an adjacent building built by the city for them. The building now houses shops and luxury loft apartments.^[29]

Takeover and break-up by GE

Business and financial conditions led to RCA's takeover by GE in 1986 and its subsequent break-up. GE sold its 50% interest in then-RCA/Ariola International Records to its partner Bertelsmann and the company was renamed BMG Music, for Bertelsmann Music Group.

GE then sold the rights to make RCA- and GE-branded televisions and other consumer electronics products in 1988 to the French Thomson Consumer Electronics, in exchange for some of Thomson's medical businesses.

In 1991, GE sold its share in RCA/Columbia to Sony Pictures and renamed that to "Columbia TriStar Home Video" (later Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, now Sony Pictures Home Entertainment).

RCA Laboratories was transferred to SRI International as the David Sarnoff Research Center, subsequently renamed Sarnoff Corporation. Sarnoff Labs was put on a five-year plan whereby GE would fund all the labs' activities for the first year, then reduce its support to near zero after the fifth year. This required Sarnoff Labs to change its business model to become an industrial contract research facility.

GE sold the NBC Radio Network to Westwood One and all of its radio stations to various owners. In 2011, a controlling interest in the National Broadcasting Company, by this time part of the multimedia venture NBC Universal, was sold to Comcast, and in 2013, Comcast acquired the remaining interest in the company from General Electric.^[30]

The only RCA unit which GE still owns is Government Services.

For information on the RCA brand after 1986, see RCA (trademark).

The historic RCA Building 17 is one of the few remaining buildings in Camden, New Jersey, that once housed the vast RCA Victor complex.

Legacy

RCA antique radios and RCA Merrill/CT-100s and other early color television receivers are among the more sought-after collectible radios and televisions, thanks to their popularity during the golden age of radio, their manufacturing quality, their engineering innovations, their styling and their name, RCA. Most collectable are the pre-war television sets manufactured by RCA beginning in 1939, including the TRK-5, TRK-9 and TRK-12 models.

The Nipper stained glass atop the "Nipper Tower" in the former Building 17. This photo, taken from inside the "Nipper Tower", shows the 2003 replacement of the 1979 replacement of the 1915 original glass.

The historic RCA Victor Building 17, the "Nipper Building", in Camden, New Jersey, was converted to luxury apartments in 2003.^[31]

Environmental record

A former RCA facility in Taiwan's northern county of Taoyuan (now Taoyuan City) polluted groundwater with toxic chemicals and led to a high incidence of cancer among former employees.^[32]^[33] The area was declared a toxic site by the Taiwanese Environmental Protection Agency. Both GE and Thomson spent millions of dollars for cleanup, removing 10,000 cubic yards (7,600 m³) of soil and installing municipal water treatment facilities for neighboring communities. A spokesman for RCA's current owners denied responsibility, saying a study conducted by the Taiwan government showed no correlation between the illnesses and the company's facilities, which shut down in 1991.^[34]

While this comment by RCA was made in connection with research conducted by the Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH), which is affiliated with the government’s Council of Labor Affairs, separate research was also conducted by the College of Public Health of National Taiwan University (NTU). Under the leadership of Prof. Wang Jung-Der and sponsored by the government’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the results from this team draw a much different picture:^[35]

The mixture of organic solvents (including trichloroethylene) present in the underground water near the factory was a potential carcinogen to male and female mice (Wang 2002).
Evidence for liver cancer among male residents (J.-H. Lee 2002; 2003).
An association of TCE exposure with kidney cancer, liver cancer, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma as well as for cervical cancer, Hodgkin’s disease, and multiple myeloma.
The workers with exposure to trichloroethylene and/or mixture of solvents, first employed prior to 1974, “may have an excess risk of breast cancer.” (Sung 2007)
An increased incidence of leukemia for the children of female workers (Sung 2008), and a relative increase of infant mortality due to congenital malformation, especially for cardiac defects, for the children of male workers (Sung 2009).

To account for their results not being as expansive as was hoped, Sung et al. (2007) stressed that the analysis was “limited by the lack of detailed exposure information”—a reference to the fact that RCA, GE and Thomson not only refused to disclose job histories and other archives, but eventually tried to hide or destroy every possible proof. As the authors remind, “the factory had been inspected eight times by the Taiwanese government’s inspection agency, with multiple violations of the regulations having been recorded.”

On April 17, 2015, RCA lost the case and the Taipei District Court (台北地方法院) ordered RCA's current owners to compensate its former employees with a total of NT$560 million (approximately USD18.1 million).^[36]

A plant in Lancaster, Pennsylvania which RCA operated from the late 1940s to June 1986, released more than 250,000 pounds of pollutants per year from its exhaust stacks. Tested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the groundwater at the facility is contaminated by trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,2-dichloroethylene (1,2-DCE).^[37] In 1991 and 1992, contaminants were detected in monitoring wells on the east side of the Conestoga River in Lancaster.

The shallow and deep groundwater aquifers beneath the Intersil Facility in Mountaintop, Pennsylvania, which RCA operated in the 1960s and later sold to Harris Corporation, contain elevated levels of volatile organic compounds.^[38]

A site in Burlington, Massachusetts which RCA used from 1958 to 1994 to make and test military electronics equipment, generated hazardous waste (VOCs, TCE, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes).^[39]

In Barceloneta, Puerto Rico, an RCA-operated plant generated wastes containing chromium, selenium and iron. Four lagoons holding chemical waste drained into the limestone aquifer.^[40]^[41] Used water from the manufacturing process (process water), containing ferric chloride, was treated onsite to remove contaminants and then was discharged into a sinkhole at the site. The treatment of process water created a sludge that was stored onsite in drying beds and in surface impoundments.^[42]

Photo gallery

His Master's Voice logo with Nipper (1921).
RCA Nipper window in Camden NJ.
RCA Radio x551, Early '50s AC/DC tabletop radio
RCA Radio ad.
Introduced in 1939, the RCA Victor TRK 12 was the United States' first commercial television set. This one is on display at the Wolfsonian-FIU in Miami, Florida.
RCA 630-TS, the first mass-produced television set, which sold in 1946–1947
RCA Pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair
A 1954 RCA TK-41C Color Broadcast Camera mounted on a dolly.
RCA television camera, 1954
RCA Colortrak TV set, using the CTC101 chassis, circa 1980
RCA Dimensia TV logo 1980s
RCA Nipper atop the old RCA distribution building, Broadway, Albany, New York
RCA 44-BX Bi-Directional Velocity Microphone.
Arthur Fiedler demonstrates the new RCA Victor 45rpm player and record in February 1949.
RCA connector use for audio and video.
1954 RCA CT-100 TV at the American Museum of Radio And Electricity playing Superman.
RCA 1802, sometimes known as the COSMAC, an 8-bit CMOS microprocessor from 1976.
RCA Satcom K1 placed into orbit by the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1986.
A 1970s-era RCA Radiotron Image Orthicon TV Camera Tube.
RCA Red Seal Records recording
Grace Brandt and Eddie Albert in an early NBC television program The Honeymooners-Grace and Eddie Show using an early RCA camera in 1936.
RCA Studio B recording studio in Nashville, Tennessee; known in the 1960s for being part of the Nashville Sound.
David Sarnoff in 1922
Edwin Armstrong at RCA
Vladimir K. Zworykin with a 1920 RCA TV
An RCA Studio II
A voltage regulator vacuum tube made by RCA.

References

^ "RCA (Radio Corporation of America)". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
^ ^a ^b "The RCA Story". rca.com. Technicolor. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
^ "Computerworld".
^ SCOTT MAYEROWITZ AP Business Writer (12 February 2013). "General Electric gets out of the TV business".
^ Robert Britt Horwitz, The Irony of Regulatory Reform
^ Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur W (May 1922). "The March Of Events: America in Control Of Its Wireless". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XLIV: 11–13. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
^ Sunil Annapareddy; Jonathan Jahr; Alexander Magoun. "David Sarnoff Library — Radio Corporation of America Timeline [1919-1986] - Introduction". Davidsarnoff.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
^ McMahon, Morgan E. A Flick of the Switch 1930-1950 (Antiques Electronics Supply, 1990), p. 51
^ Mahon, Morgan E. A Flick of the Switch 1930–1950 (Antiques Electronics Supply, 1990), p. 86
^ Mahon, p. 183
^ "Illustrated History of RCA Victor in Camden".
^ Dominic Muren, "Monday Masterpieces: Streamline+Vinyl=Awesome", IDFuel: Industrial Design Weblog, 2004. Accessed July 22, 2012
^ Crucial tenant in 30 Rockefeller Plaza—see David Rockefeller, "Memoirs", New York: Random House, 2002, p. 55
^ "Sound Recording".
^ Radio Corporation of America (RCA Victor, National Broadcasting Company) advertisement for the beginning of regular experimental television broadcasting from the NBC studios to the New York metropolitan area on April 30, 1939 for "an hour at a time, twice a week." "Radio & Television" (magazine) Vol. X, No. 2, June, 1939. (inside front cover) New York: Popular Book Corporation
^ "1939 RCA TV sets".
^ Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.619
^ "SRI International Completes Integration of Sarnoff Corporation" (Press release). SRI International. 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
^ Radio Age By Radio Corporation of America, p. 26
^ Wallerstein, Edward. "LPs historic". Musicinthemail.com. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
^ "Diskery Goes 33 in March To Service Entire Market; 45 Promotion in High Gear". Billboard. 7 January 1950. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
^ "Record Collector's Resource: A History of Records". Cubby.net. 1917-02-26. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
^ "CT-100 Color Receiver Gallery".
^ "RCA Spectra 70" (PDF). March 1965. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
^ Clausing, Don; Victor Fey (2004). Effective Innovation. New York: ASME Press. p. 7. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
^ RCA: Now Elvis rocked for Bertelsmann, too (PDF), Bertelsmann Worldwide Media
^ "The History of Television, 1942 to 2000".
^ "RCA TV Equipment Archive".
^ http://www.thevictorlofts.com The Victor Lofts website
^ Lieberman, David. "Comcast Completes Acquisition Of GE’s 49% Stake In NBCUniversal." Deadline.com (March 19, 2013)
^ New Jersey Historic Preservation Awards Program, 2004. RCA Victor Company, "Nipper Building" Rehabilitation
^ Yi, Matthew (May 24, 2002). "Taiwan workers plead cancer case / Link RCA plant to disease". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
^ Ton, 1999 Ton C-D, Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Contamination – A Case Study of Contamination Site of Tao-Yuan RCA. Master Thesis, National Taiwan University. 1999 (in Chinese)
^ Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition
^ Jobin, Paul; Tseng, Yu-Hwei (2014). Boudia, Soraya; Jas, Nathalie, eds. "'Guinea Pigs Go to Court: Epidemiology and Class Actions in Taiwan' in Powerless Science? The Making of the Toxic World in the Twentieth Century" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-07-05.
^ Chao, Stephanie (18 April 2015). "RCA parent firms to pay NT$560 mil.". Retrieved 2015-07-05.
^ http://www.epa.gov/reg3wcmd/ca/pa/pdf/pad003026903.pdf
^ INTERSIL CORPORATION, S-1 SEC Filing, 11/10/1999
^ SUPERFUND ANNUAL REPORT 2001. U.S. EPA Region I
^ U.S. EPA, Environmental Quality Board, National Priority List (NPL), Site Inspection Report/Site Evaluation Report. EPA, San Juan Barceloneta RCA del Caribe, October 1987
^ John M. Hunter and Sonia I. Arbona. PARADISE LOST: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GEOGRAPHY OF WATER POLLUTION IN PUERTO RICO. Soc. Sci. Med. Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 1331–1355, 1995. Pergamon Press. http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/paradise%20lost.pdf
^ 20058 - 20060 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 73 / Monday, April 18, 2005

External links

Radio Corporation of American records (1887-1983) at Hagley Museum and Library.
David Sarnoff Library Digital Collection at Hagley Museum and Library.
RCAGlobal.com - a web site dedicated to what was RCA Global Communications
RCA TV equipment archive

UpToDate Contents

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1. 心筋梗塞後の伝導異常 conduction abnormalities after myocardial infarction
2. アテローム切除デバイスの冠動脈合併症 coronary complications of atheroablative devices
3. 先天性および小児冠動脈異常 congenital and pediatric coronary artery abnormalities
4. 低効率性の持続または長期連日透析 sustained low efficiency or extended daily dialysis
5. ST上昇型心筋梗塞後の冠動脈バイパス術 coronary artery bypass graft surgery after acute st elevation myocardial infarction

English Journal

Regulatory component analysis: a semi-blind extraction approach to infer gene regulatory networks with imperfect biological knowledge.

Wang C, Xuan J, Shih IM, Clarke R, Wang Y.SourceBradley Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA 22203, USA.
Signal processing.Signal Processing.2012 Aug 1;92(8):1902-1915. Epub 2011 Dec 8.
With the advent of high-throughput biotechnology capable of monitoring genomic signals, it becomes increasingly promising to understand molecular cellular mechanisms through systems biology approaches. One of the active research topics in systems biology is to infer gene transcriptional regulatory n
PMID 22685363

Application of Medical Information Systems for the detection of high risk patients: Rapid care alerts. Pilot study of the ARA-Son Llàtzer Project.

Socías Crespí L, Heras La Calle G, Estrada Rodríguez VM, García Sánchez A, Ibáñez-Lucía P.SourceServicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Son Llàtzer, Palma de Mallorca, España.
Medicina intensiva / Sociedad Espanola de Medicina Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias.Med Intensiva.2012 Jun 7. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation of a Medical Information System (MIS) in the Critical Care Departament (CCD).DESIGN: A prospective observational cohort study was carried out.SETTING: Clinical and Surgical wards in Son Llàtzer Hospital.PATIENTS: Patients with criteria of rapid care alert (
PMID 22683046

Japanese Journal

Sirolimus-eluting stent implantation for ostial right coronary artery lesions : five-year outcomes from the j-Cypher registry

Ko Euihong,Natsuaki Masahiro,Toyofuku Mamoru [他]
Cardiovascular intervention and therapeutics 29(3), 200-208, 2014-07
NAID 40020134653

マイクロチップを用いた細胞内Padlock/RCA法の開発(平成25年度大学院理学研究科修士論文題目と要旨)

黒田歩里紗
日本女子大学紀要. 理学部 22, 108, 2014-03-31
NAID 110009810982

日・中貿易の競争力分析と経済交流拡大のためのFTA : 貿易特化係数と顕示的比較優位指数(RCA)分析を中心に

李海南
国際開発学研究 13(2), 217-230, 2014-03
NAID 40020121220

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「冠状動脈」「下壁梗塞」「右冠状動脈」「right coronary artery」
拡張検索	「BRCA遺伝子」
関連記事	「R」「RC」

「冠状動脈」

RCA Corporation
Fate	Took Over By GE Then Split Up
Founded	October 17, 1919; 96 years ago (as Radio Corporation of America)
Defunct	1986
Headquarters	New York City, New York,; United States
Key people	David Sarnoff, first general manager
Products	RCA Photophone; Electric Phonograph; Videodisc; RCA Televisions; RCA Studio II
Divisions	RCA Records
Website	www.rca.com

　　[★]

英: coronary artery (M)
ラ: arteria coronaria
同: 冠動脈
関: 心臓

図：N.212

枝の命名法：http://www.m-junkanki.com/case_study/lecture7/CAGnameRCA.html。http://www.sakai-iin.com/image/CAG.pdf

右冠状動脈

1 proximal
2 middle
3 distal
4

4AV AV node artery 房室結節枝
4PD PD descending artery 後下行枝

左冠状動脈

5 left main trunk LMT 左主幹部
6 proximal 前下行枝の第一中隔枝(first major septal branch)まで
7 middle septal branch
8 dista
9 first diagonal branch D1 第1対角枝
10 second diagonal branch D2 第2対角枝
11 proximal 回旋枝から鈍縁枝まで
12 obtuse maginal branch OM 鈍縁枝
13 distal 鈍縁枝以遠で後房室間溝を走行するもの
14 posterolateral PL 側壁枝
15 posterior descending artery PD

枝

右冠状動脈

洞房結節枝
右縁枝
後下行枝 = 後室間枝
房室結節枝

左冠状動脈

左前下行枝

対角枝

回旋枝

左縁枝

冠動脈の血流 (SPC.227)

冠動脈血からの酸素除去能は高い→酸素需要を上げるためには冠動脈血流量を増やすことによって達成可能
冠動脈血流量∝拡張期大動脈圧&拡張期の時間
冠動脈血流量∝(冠血管抵抗)^-1

PHD.102

Localization of Myocardial Infarction
Anatomic Site	Lead with Abnormal ECG Complexes	Coronary Artery Most Often Responsible
inferior	II, III, aVF	RCA
anteroseptal	V1-V2	LAD
anteroapical	V3-V4	LAD(distal)
anterolateral	V5-V6, I, aVL	CFX
posterior	V1-V2(tall R wave, not Q wave)	RCA

PHD.191

Blood Supply of the Conduction System
Conduction Pathway		Primary Arterial Supply
SA node		RCA (70%)
AV node		RCA (85%)
Bundle of His		LAD
RBB	Proximal portion	LAD
	Distal portion	RCA
LBB	Left anterior fascicle	LAD
	Left posterior fascicle	LAD
		PDA

「下壁梗塞」

　　[★]

英: inferior wall infarction
関: 心筋梗塞、急性心筋梗塞。冠状動脈

心電図

上昇：II, III, aVF
鏡胸像：I, aVL, V2, V3

[show details]

QB CBR vol.3 p.201 PHD. 102

I

II

III

aVR

aVL

aVF

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

V6

冠動脈

○

○

RCA

支配血管

RCA(右冠状動脈)→後下行枝(左心室下壁分布)

梗塞部位

心房
右室
左心室

病態

下壁には副交感神経が豊富に分布しており、心筋梗塞による神経終末の刺激で副交感神経が興奮し低血圧、嘔吐、徐脈、さらに洞徐脈、洞停止、房室ブロックを起こす(ベツォルド-ヤーリッシュ反射 Bezold-Jarisch反射)。

症状

胸痛
心ブロック(房室ブロック)：前壁梗塞の2-3倍の頻度でII度/III度房室ブロックが起こる　　←　　右冠状動脈(RCA)から房室結節への枝(房室結節枝)が分岐する例が85%だから(左冠状動脈(LCA)起始が15%)。多分。

国試

096F018

「右冠状動脈」

　　[★]

英: right coronary artery, RCA
同: 右冠動脈
関: 心臓、心臓の動脈

由来

走行

分布(M.94)

右心房
右心室の大部分
左心室の一部(横隔面)
心室中隔の一部(後1/3)
洞房結節(60%)
房室結節(80%)

名称

1. 1 右冠状動脈
2. 2 右冠状動脈
3. 3 右冠状動脈
4. 4

1. 4AV：房室結節枝　(約90%の確率で存在(QB2009.C-334))　⇔ #15AV　左回旋枝の枝
2. 4PD：右後下行枝　後室間溝を心尖に向かう

臨床関連

右冠状動脈の狭窄・閉塞により房室結節への血流が減少し、完全房室ブロックを来すことがある。一時的体外式ペースメーカーの挿入が必要となることがある。

「right coronary artery」

　　[★] 右冠状動脈右冠動脈 RCA

「BRCA遺伝子」

　　[★]

英

(n

BRCA

関: 乳癌遺伝子

「R」

　　[★]

「RC」

　　[★]

[1] "RCA (Radio Corporation of America)". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 20 June 2011.

[rca.com-2] "The RCA Story". rca.com. Technicolor. Retrieved 2014-09-23.

[3] "Computerworld".

[4] SCOTT MAYEROWITZ AP Business Writer (12 February 2013). "General Electric gets out of the TV business".

[5] Robert Britt Horwitz, The Irony of Regulatory Reform

[6] Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur W (May 1922). "The March Of Events: America in Control Of Its Wireless". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XLIV: 11–13. Retrieved 4 August 2009.

[7] Sunil Annapareddy; Jonathan Jahr; Alexander Magoun. "David Sarnoff Library — Radio Corporation of America Timeline [1919-1986] - Introduction". Davidsarnoff.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.

[8] McMahon, Morgan E. A Flick of the Switch 1930-1950 (Antiques Electronics Supply, 1990), p. 51

[9] Mahon, Morgan E. A Flick of the Switch 1930–1950 (Antiques Electronics Supply, 1990), p. 86

[10] Mahon, p. 183

[11] "Illustrated History of RCA Victor in Camden".

[12] Dominic Muren, "Monday Masterpieces: Streamline+Vinyl=Awesome", IDFuel: Industrial Design Weblog, 2004. Accessed July 22, 2012

[13] Crucial tenant in 30 Rockefeller Plaza—see David Rockefeller, "Memoirs", New York: Random House, 2002, p. 55

[14] "Sound Recording".

[15] Radio Corporation of America (RCA Victor, National Broadcasting Company) advertisement for the beginning of regular experimental television broadcasting from the NBC studios to the New York metropolitan area on April 30, 1939 for "an hour at a time, twice a week." "Radio & Television" (magazine) Vol. X, No. 2, June, 1939. (inside front cover) New York: Popular Book Corporation

[16] "1939 RCA TV sets".

[17] Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.619

[Sarnoff_integration-18] "SRI International Completes Integration of Sarnoff Corporation" (Press release). SRI International. 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2013-07-10.

[19] Radio Age By Radio Corporation of America, p. 26

[20] Wallerstein, Edward. "LPs historic". Musicinthemail.com. Retrieved 2012-01-08.

[21] "Diskery Goes 33 in March To Service Entire Market; 45 Promotion in High Gear". Billboard. 7 January 1950. Retrieved 8 January 2012.

[22] "Record Collector's Resource: A History of Records". Cubby.net. 1917-02-26. Retrieved 2013-02-28.

[23] "CT-100 Color Receiver Gallery".

[24] "RCA Spectra 70" (PDF). March 1965. Retrieved 17 May 2009.

[Chickens-25] Clausing, Don; Victor Fey (2004). Effective Innovation. New York: ASME Press. p. 7. Retrieved 25 February 2012.

[bertelsmann.com-26] RCA: Now Elvis rocked for Bertelsmann, too (PDF), Bertelsmann Worldwide Media

[27] "The History of Television, 1942 to 2000".

[28] "RCA TV Equipment Archive".

[29] ttp://www.thevictorlofts.com The Victor Lofts website

[30] Lieberman, David. "Comcast Completes Acquisition Of GE’s 49% Stake In NBCUniversal." Deadline.com (March 19, 2013)

[31] New Jersey Historic Preservation Awards Program, 2004. RCA Victor Company, "Nipper Building" Rehabilitation

[32] Yi, Matthew (May 24, 2002). "Taiwan workers plead cancer case / Link RCA plant to disease". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications. Retrieved 2014-09-23.

[33] Ton, 1999 Ton C-D, Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Contamination – A Case Study of Contamination Site of Tao-Yuan RCA. Master Thesis, National Taiwan University. 1999 (in Chinese)

[34] Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition

[35] Jobin, Paul; Tseng, Yu-Hwei (2014). Boudia, Soraya; Jas, Nathalie, eds. "'Guinea Pigs Go to Court: Epidemiology and Class Actions in Taiwan' in Powerless Science? The Making of the Toxic World in the Twentieth Century" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-07-05.

[36] Chao, Stephanie (18 April 2015). "RCA parent firms to pay NT$560 mil.". Retrieved 2015-07-05.

[epa.gov-37] ttp://www.epa.gov/reg3wcmd/ca/pa/pdf/pad003026903.pdf

[38] INTERSIL CORPORATION, S-1 SEC Filing, 11/10/1999

[39] SUPERFUND ANNUAL REPORT 2001. U.S. EPA Region I

[40] U.S. EPA, Environmental Quality Board, National Priority List (NPL), Site Inspection Report/Site Evaluation Report. EPA, San Juan Barceloneta RCA del Caribe, October 1987

[41] John M. Hunter and Sonia I. Arbona. PARADISE LOST: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GEOGRAPHY OF WATER POLLUTION IN PUERTO RICO. Soc. Sci. Med. Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 1331–1355, 1995. Pergamon Press. http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/paradise%20lost.pdf

[42] 20058 - 20060 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 73 / Monday, April 18, 2005

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v t e Academy Honorary Award

1928–1950	Warner Bros. / Charlie Chaplin (1928) Walt Disney (1932) Shirley Temple (1934) D. W. Griffith (1935) The March of Time / W. Howard Greene and Harold Rosson (1936) Edgar Bergen / W. Howard Greene / Museum of Modern Art Film Library / Mack Sennett (1937) J. Arthur Ball / Walt Disney / Deanna Durbin and Mickey Rooney / Gordon Jennings, Jan Domela, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, Farciot Edouart, Loyal Griggs, Loren L. Ryder, Harry D. Mills, Louis Mesenkop, Walter Oberst / Oliver T. Marsh and Allen Davey / Harry Warner (1938) Douglas Fairbanks / Judy Garland / William Cameron Menzies / Motion Picture Relief Fund (Jean Hersholt, Ralph Morgan, Ralph Block, Conrad Nagel)/ Technicolor Company (1939) Bob Hope / Nathan Levinson (1940) Walt Disney, William Garity, John N. A. Hawkins, and the RCA Manufacturing Company / Leopold Stokowski and his associates / Rey Scott / British Ministry of Information (1941) Charles Boyer / Noël Coward / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1942) George Pal (1943) Bob Hope / Margaret O'Brien (1944) Republic Studio, Daniel J. Bloomberg, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / Walter Wanger / The House I Live In / Peggy Ann Garner (1945) Harold Russell / Laurence Olivier / Ernst Lubitsch / Claude Jarman Jr. (1946) James Baskett / Thomas Armat, William Nicholas Selig, Albert E. Smith, and George Kirke Spoor / Bill and Coo / Shoeshine (1947) Walter Wanger / Monsieur Vincent / Sid Grauman / Adolph Zukor (1948) Jean Hersholt / Fred Astaire / Cecil B. DeMille / The Bicycle Thief (1949) Louis B. Mayer / George Murphy / The Walls of Malapaga (1950)

1951–1975	Gene Kelly / Rashomon (1951) Merian C. Cooper / Bob Hope / Harold Lloyd / George Mitchell / Joseph M. Schenck / Forbidden Games (1952) 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation / Bell & Howell Company / Joseph Breen / Pete Smith (1953) Bausch & Lomb Optical Company / Danny Kaye / Kemp Niver / Greta Garbo / Jon Whiteley / Vincent Winter / Gate of Hell (1954) Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto (1955) Eddie Cantor (1956) Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers / Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson / Charles Brackett / B. B. Kahane (1957) Maurice Chevalier (1958) Buster Keaton / Lee de Forest (1959) Gary Cooper / Stan Laurel / Hayley Mills (1960) William L. Hendricks / Fred L. Metzler / Jerome Robbins (1961) William J. Tuttle (1964) Bob Hope (1965) Yakima Canutt / Y. Frank Freeman (1966) Arthur Freed (1967) John Chambers / Onna White (1968) Cary Grant (1969) Lillian Gish / Orson Welles (1970) Charlie Chaplin (1971) Charles S. Boren / Edward G. Robinson (1972) Henri Langlois / Groucho Marx (1973) Howard Hawks / Jean Renoir (1974) Mary Pickford (1975)

1976–2000	Margaret Booth (1977) Walter Lantz / Laurence Olivier / King Vidor / Museum of Modern Art Department of Film (1978) Hal Elias / Alec Guinness (1979) Henry Fonda (1980) Barbara Stanwyck (1981) Mickey Rooney (1982) Hal Roach (1983) James Stewart / National Endowment for the Arts (1984) Paul Newman / Alex North (1985) Ralph Bellamy (1986) Eastman Kodak Company / National Film Board of Canada (1988) Akira Kurosawa (1989) Sophia Loren / Myrna Loy (1990) Satyajit Ray (1991) Federico Fellini (1992) Deborah Kerr (1993) Michelangelo Antonioni (1994) Kirk Douglas / Chuck Jones (1995) Michael Kidd (1996) Stanley Donen (1997) Elia Kazan (1998) Andrzej Wajda (1999) Jack Cardiff / Ernest Lehman (2000)

2001–present	Sidney Poitier / Robert Redford (2001) Peter O'Toole (2002) Blake Edwards (2003) Sidney Lumet (2004) Robert Altman (2005) Ennio Morricone (2006) Robert F. Boyle (2007) Lauren Bacall / Roger Corman / Gordon Willis (2009) Kevin Brownlow / Jean-Luc Godard / Eli Wallach (2010) James Earl Jones / Dick Smith (2011) D. A. Pennebaker / Hal Needham / George Stevens Jr. (2012) Angela Lansbury / Steve Martin / Piero Tosi (2013) Jean-Claude Carrière / Hayao Miyazaki / Maureen O'Hara (2014) Spike Lee / Gena Rowlands (2015)

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