出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/01/14 07:50:17」(JST)
この項目では、アルファベットについて説明しています。
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Rr Rr | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ラテン文字 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rは、ラテン文字(アルファベット)の18番目の文字。小文字は r 。ギリシャ文字のΡ(ロー)に由来し、キリル文字のР(エル)と同系の文字である。
この文字が表す音素は、歯茎ふるえ音(/r/)ないしその類似音である(R音)。言語によってさまざまであるが、舌を上歯茎にしっかり付けて発音するLと異なる音であるところで共通する。しばしばべらんめいのようないわゆる巻き舌(舌を数回硬口蓋にはじかせる)となる。軽い巻き舌で硬口蓋に1度だけはじかせると、日本語のら行の子音に似る。英語では、舌を硬口蓋に付けることなく接近させる。フランス語のパリ方言では、舌を硬口蓋に付けずに舌先を下げ、奥のほうで摩擦する。
多くの言語で、他の子音、特に破裂音に続いて現れたときは、一気に発音され、その間で音節を区切ることはしない。
歯茎ふるえ音 [r] | 聴く | イギリス英語のいくつかの方言、強調されたスピーチ、標準的なオランダ語、フィンランド語、ガリシア語、ドイツ語、いくつかの方言でハンガリー語、アイスランド語、イタリア語、チェコ語、リトアニア語、ラトビア語、ラテン語、ノルウェー語、ポーランド語、カタルーニャ語、ポルトガル語(伝統的なもの)、ルーマニア語、スコットランド語、スペイン語、そしてアルバニア語“rr”、スウェーデン語、ウェールズ語 |
歯茎接近音 [ɹ] | 聴く | 英語 (最も多い種類)、いくつかの方言でオランダ語(単語の特定の位置)、スウェーデン語、いくつかの方言でポルトガル語(単語の特定の位置)、フェロー語、シチリア語 |
歯茎はじき音 [ɾ] | 聴く | ポルトガル語、カタルーニャ語、スペイン語、そしてアルバニア語“r”、トルコ語、オランダ語、イタリア語、ヴェネツィア語、ガリシア語、レオン語 |
有声そり舌摩擦音 [ʐ] | 聴く | /r/ の異音としていくつかの南アメリカのアクセントでスペイン語;普通話(ピン音で);ベトナム語(南部方言) |
そり舌接近音 [ɻ] | 聴く | アメリカ英語のいくつかの種類;普通話(ピン音で);そしてゴトランド語 |
そり舌はじき音 [ɽ] | 聴く | 時折スコットランド英語 |
口蓋垂ふるえ音 [ʀ] | 聴く | 公式な場でのドイツ語;いくつかのオランダ語方言 (ブラバント、そしてリンブルフなど、オランダのいくつかの都市)、南部スウェーデンでのスウェーデン語、西部及び南部地域でのノルウェー語 |
有声口蓋垂摩擦音 [ʁ] | 聴く | ドイツ語、デンマーク語、フランス語、いくつかのヨーロッパポルトガル語“rr” |
無声口蓋垂摩擦音 [χ] | 聴く | いくつかのブラジルポルトガル語“rr” |
無声声門摩擦音 [h] | 聴く | いくつかのブラジルポルトガル語“rr” |
ギリシャ文字のΡ(ロー)に由来する。ギリシア文字Π(ピー、パイ)が、右足を曲げ、P(ピー)のようになって、Ρ(ロー)に似てきたため、区別するために線を付加したものである。
大文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 小文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 備考 |
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R | U+0052 |
1-3-50 | R R |
r | U+0072 |
1-3-82 | r r |
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R | U+FF32 |
1-3-50 | R R |
r | U+FF52 |
1-3-82 | r r |
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Cursive script 'r' and capital 'R'
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R (named ar /ɑr/[1] or /ɔr/[2]) is the 18th letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
Egyptian hieroglyph t |
Phoenician Resh |
Etruscan R |
Greek Rho |
Later Etruscan R | ||
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The original Semitic letter may have been inspired by an Egyptian hieroglyph for tp, "head". It was used for /r/ by Semites because in their language, the word for "head" was rêš (also the name of the letter). It developed into Greek 'Ρ' ῥῶ (rhô) and Latin R. It is likely that some Etruscan and Western Greek forms of the letter added the extra stroke to distinguish it from a later form of the letter P.[citation needed]
The name of the letter in Latin was er (/ɛr/), following the pattern of other letters representing continuants, such as F, L, M, N, and S. This name is preserved in French and many other languages. In Middle English, the name of the letter changed from /ɛr/ to /ar/, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as farm (compare French ferme), and star (compare German Stern).
The minuscule (lowercase) form as 'r' developed through several variations on the capital form. In handwriting it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used today. Another minuscule, r rotunda (ꝛ), kept the loop-leg stroke but dropped the vertical stroke, although it fell out of use around the 18th century.
The letter R is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant (after 't', 'n', and 's').[3] R represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below. The International Phonetic Alphabet uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; [r] represents the alveolar trill.
Alveolar trill [r] | Listen | some dialects of British English or in emphatic speech, standard Dutch, Finnish, Galician, German in some dialects, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Czech, Lithuanian, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian mostly in the northwest, Polish, Catalan, Portuguese (traditional form), Romanian, Scots, Spanish and Albanian 'rr', Swedish, Welsh |
Alveolar approximant [ɹ] | Listen | English (most varieties), Dutch in some Dutch dialects (in specific positions of words), Faroese, Sicilian |
Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap [ɾ] | Listen | Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish and Albanian 'r', Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Galician, Leonese, Norwegian, Irish |
Voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ] | Listen | Norwegian around Tromsø, Spanish used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents |
Retroflex approximant [ɻ] | Listen | some English dialects (in America, South West England, and Dublin), Gutnish |
Retroflex flap [ɽ] | Listen | Norwegian when followed by <d>, sometimes in Scottish English |
Uvular trill [ʀ] | Listen | German stage standard; some Dutch dialects (in Brabant and Limburg, and some city dialects in The Netherlands), Swedish in Southern Sweden, Norwegian in western and southern parts |
Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] | Listen | German, Danish, French, standard European Portuguese 'rr', standard Brazilian Portuguese 'rr', Puerto Rican Spanish 'rr' and 'r-', Norwegian in western and southern parts. |
Other languages may use the letter 'r' in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with 'w', e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.
Brazilian Portuguese has a great number of allophones of /ʁ/ such as [χ], [h], [ɦ], [x], [ɣ], [ɹ] and [r], the latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ([ɣ] and [r] as 'rr'; [ɹ] in the syllable coda, as an allophone of /ɾ/ according to the European Portuguese norm and /ʁ/ according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as Rio de Janeiro's [ʁ], [χ], [ɦ] and, for a few speakers, [ɣ].
In science, the letter R is a symbol for the gas constant. Mathematicians use 'R' or (an R in blackboard bold, displayed as ℝ in Unicode) for the set of all real numbers.
The letter R is the only letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet in which the uppercase has a closed section and the lowercase does not.
The letter R is sometimes referred to as the littera canina (canine letter). This phrase has Latin origins: the Latin R was trilled to sound like a growling dog. A good example of a trilling R is the Spanish word for dog, perro.[4]
In William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name." The reference is also found in Ben Jonson's English Grammar.[5]
Character | R | r | ||
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Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R | LATIN SMALL LETTER R | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 82 | U+0052 | 114 | U+0072 |
UTF-8 | 82 | 52 | 114 | 72 |
Numeric character reference | R | R | r | r |
EBCDIC family | 217 | D9 | 153 | 99 |
ASCII 1 | 82 | 52 | 114 | 72 |
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Romeo | ·–· |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | Braille dots-1235 |
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拡張検索 | 「purple」 |
関連記事 | 「R」「ring」「red」 |
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