WordNet

the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)r
pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance"
the number obtained by division
the ratio of two quantities to be divided
a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration (同)inhalator

PrepTutorEJDIC

resistance / 17歳以下父兄同伴映画の表示 / rook
呼吸の,呼吸作用の,呼吸のための
割り算の答え,商
《米》人工呼吸装置 / (一般に)マスク;防毒マスク

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/11 03:27:54」(JST)

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The respiratory quotient (or RQ or respiratory coefficient), is a dimensionless number used in calculations of basal metabolic rate (BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. Such measurements, like measurements of oxygen uptake, are forms of indirect calorimetry. It is measured using Ganong's Respirometer.

It can be used in the alveolar gas equation.

Calculation

The respiratory quotient (RQ) is calculated from the ratio:

RQ = CO_{2 eliminated} / O_{2 consumed}

where the term "eliminated" refers to carbon dioxide (CO₂) removed ("eliminated") from the body.

In this calculation, the CO₂ and O₂ must be given in the same units, and in quantities proportional to the number of molecules. Acceptable inputs would be either moles, or else volumes of gas at standard temperature and pressure (time units may be included, but they cancel out since they must be the same in numerator and denominator).

Many metabolized substances are compounds containing only the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples include fatty acids, glycerol, carbohydrates, deamination products, and ethanol. For complete oxidation of such compounds, the chemical equation is

C_xH_yO_z + (x + y/4 - z/2) O₂ ---> x CO₂ + (y/2) H₂O

and thus metabolism of this compound gives an RQ of x/(x + y/4 - z/2).

The range of respiratory coefficients for organisms in metabolic balance usually ranges from 1.0 (representing the value expected for pure carbohydrate oxidation) to ~0.7 (the value expected for pure fat oxidation). See BMR for a discussion of how these numbers are derived. A mixed diet of fat and carbohydrate results in an average value between these numbers. An RQ may rise above 1.0 for an organism burning carbohydrate to produce or "lay down" fat (for example, a bear preparing for hibernation).

RQ value corresponds to a caloric value for each liter (L) of CO₂ produced. If O₂ consumption numbers are available, they are usually used directly, since they are more direct and reliable estimates of energy production.

RQ as measured includes a contribution from the energy produced from protein. However, due to the complexity of the various ways in which different amino acids can be metabolized, no single RQ can be assigned to the oxidation of protein in the diet.

Respiratory quotients of some substances

Reference^[1]

Name of the substance	Respiratory Quotient
Carbohydrates	1
Proteins	0.8 - 0.9
Ketones (eucaloric)	0.73^[2]
Ketones (hypocaloric)	0.66^[3]^[4]^[5]
Triolein (Fat)	0.7
Oleic Acid (Fat)	0.71
Tripalmitin (Fat)	0.7
Malic acid	1.33
Tartaric acid	1.6
Oxalic acid	4.0

References

^ Telugu Academi, Botany text book, 2007 Version^{[verification needed]}
^ Mosek, Amnon; Natour, Haitham; Neufeld, Miri Y.; Shiff, Yaffa; Vaisman, Nachum (2009). "Ketogenic diet treatment in adults with refractory epilepsy: A prospective pilot study". Seizure 18 (1): 30–3. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2008.06.001. PMID 18675556.
^ Johnston, Carol S; Tjonn, Sherrie L; Swan, Pamela D; White, Andrea; Hutchins, Heather; Sears, Barry (2006). "Ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (5): 1055–61. PMID 16685046. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16685046.
^ Phinney, Stephen D.; Horton, Edward S.; Sims, Ethan A. H.; Hanson, John S.; Danforth, Elliot; Lagrange, Betty M. (1980). "Capacity for Moderate Exercise in Obese Subjects after Adaptation to a Hypocaloric, Ketogenic Diet". Journal of Clinical Investigation 66 (5): 1152–61. doi:10.1172/JCI109945. PMC 371554. PMID 7000826. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC371554/.
^ Owen, O. E.; Morgan, A. P.; Kemp, H. G.; Sullivan, J. M.; Herrera, M. G.; Cahill, G. F. (1967). "Brain Metabolism during Fasting*". Journal of Clinical Investigation 46 (10): 1589–95. doi:10.1172/JCI105650. PMC 292907. PMID 6061736. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC292907/.

External links

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 低酸素血症の酸素供給およびメカニズム oxygenation and mechanisms of hypoxemia
2. 進行性肺疾患における栄養補給 nutritional support in advanced lung disease
3. 運動生理学 exercise physiology
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5. 食物中の微量ミネラルの概要 overview of dietary trace minerals

English Journal

The FTO gene polymorphism (rs9939609) is associated with metabolic syndrome in morbidly obese subjects from southern Italy.

Liguori R1, Labruna G2, Alfieri A3, Martone D3, Farinaro E4, Contaldo F5, Sacchetti L6, Pasanisi F5, Buono P7.
Molecular and cellular probes.Mol Cell Probes.2014 Aug;28(4):195-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mcp.2014.03.004. Epub 2014 Mar 25.
Gene variants in MC4R, SIRT1 and FTO are associated with severe obesity and metabolic impairment in Caucasians. We investigated whether common variants in these genes are associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a large group of morbidly obese young adults from southern Italy. One thousand morbi
PMID 24675148

Selection of non-Saccharomyces yeast strains for reducing alcohol levels in wine by sugar respiration.

Quirós M1, Rojas V2, Gonzalez R3, Morales P4.
International journal of food microbiology.Int J Food Microbiol.2014 Jul 2;181:85-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.024. Epub 2014 Apr 29.
Respiration of sugars by non-Saccharomyces yeasts has been recently proposed for lowering alcohol levels in wine. Development of industrial fermentation processes based on such an approach requires, amongst other steps, the identification of yeast strains which are able to grow and respire under the
PMID 24831930

Food intake and energy expenditure are increased in high fat-sensitive but not in high carbohydrate-sensitive obesity prone rats.

Azzout-Marniche D1, Chaumontet C2, Nadkarni NA3, Piedcoq J4, Fromentin G2, Tome D4, Even PC5.
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.2014 Jun 4. pii: ajpregu.00065.2014. [Epub ahead of print]
Obesity prone (OP) rodents are used as models of human obesity predisposition. The goal of the present study was to identify pre-existing defects in energy expenditure components in OP rats. Two studies were performed. In the first one, male Wistar rats (n=48) were fed a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD)
PMID 24898839

Japanese Journal

Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

Omagari Katsuhisa.et.al
Acta Medica Nagasakiensia 57(1), 5-12, 2012-04
… We investigated the protein and energy metabolic status, including serum albumin concentration,and resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) measured by indirect calorimetry in 23 patients withliver cirrhosis (8 men and 15 women; …
NAID 110009226237

Synergistic inhibition effect of 2-phenylethanol and ethanol on bioproduction of natural 2-phenylethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and process enhancement(MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Wang Hang,Dong Qingfeng,Guan Ang,Meng Chun,Shi Xian'ai,Guo Yanghao
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 112(1), 26-31, 2011-07
… The glucose concentration was regulated at the level of 0.2±0.1g/L by controlling a suitable respiratory quotient on line, which could limit the accumulation of the ethanol lower than 10g/L. …
NAID 110008686239