| Intraventricular hemorrhage |
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CT scan showing spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with bleeding in the third and both lateral ventricles and hydrocephalus[1]
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| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
I61.5, P10.2, P52 |
| ICD-9 |
431, 772.1 |
| DiseasesDB |
6906 |
| eMedicine |
ped/2595 |
| MeSH |
D002543 |
An intraventricular hemorrhage (or intraventricular haemorrhage in British English), often abbreviated "IVH," is a bleeding into the brain's ventricular system, where the cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulates through towards the subarachnoid space. It can result from physical trauma or from hemorrhaging in stroke.
Contents
- 1 In infants
- 2 In adults
- 2.1 Symptoms and Diagnosis
- 2.2 Treatment
- 2.3 Prognosis
- 3 Associated conditions
- 4 References
- 5 External links
In infants
This type of hemorrhage is particularly common in infants, especially premature infants or those of very low birth weight.[2] The cause of IVH in premature infants, unlike that in older infants, children or adults, is rarely due to trauma. Instead it is thought to result from changes in perfusion of the delicate cellular structures that are present in the growing brain, augmented by the immaturity of the cerebral circulatory system, which is especially vulnerable to hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The lack of blood flow results in cell death and subsequent breakdown of the blood vessel walls, leading to bleeding. While this bleeding can result in further injury, it is itself a marker for injury that has already occurred. Most intraventricular hemorrhages occur in the first 72 hours after birth.[2] The risk is increased with use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in preterm infants.[3]
The amount of bleeding varies. IVH is often described in four grades:
- Grade I - bleeding occurs just in the germinal matrix
- Grade II - bleeding also occurs inside the ventricles, but they are not enlarged
- Grade III - ventricles are enlarged by the accumulated blood
- Grade IV - bleeding extends into the brain tissue around the ventricles
Grades I and II are most common, and often there are no further complications. Grades III and IV are the most serious and may result in long-term brain injury to the infant. After a grade III or IV IVH, blood clots may form which can block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, leading to increased fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus).
There have been various therapies employed into preventing the high rates of morbidity and mortality, including diuretic therapy,[4] repeated lumbar puncture,[5] streptokinase therapy [6] and most recently combination a novel intervention called DRIFT (drainage, irrigation and fibrinolytic therapy).
In 2002, a Dutch retrospective study[7] analysed cases where neonatologists had intervened and drained CSF by lumbar or ventricular punctures if ventricular width (as shown on ultrasound) exceeded the 97th centile as opposed to the 97th centile plus 4 mm.[8] Professors Whitelaw's original cochrane [4] review published in 2001 as well as evidence from previous randomised control trials indicated that interventions should be based on clinical signs and symptoms of ventricular dilatation. An international trial has instead looked an early (97th centile) versus late (97th centile plus 4 mm) for intervening and draining CSF.[9]
DRIFT has been tested in an international randomised clinical trial; although it did not significantly lower the need for shunt surgery, severe cognitive disability at two years Bayley (MDI <55) was significantly reduced.[10] Repeated lumbar punctures are used widely to reduce the effects in increased intracranial pressure and an alternative to ventriculo-shunt (VP) surgery that cannot be performed in case of intraventricular haemorrhage. The relative risk of repeated lumbar puncture is close to 1.0, therefore it is not statistically therapeutic when compared to conservative management and does raise the risk of subsequent CSF infection.[5] Another DRIFT trial is planned[when?] involving a large number of infants to validate previous data and expand on the viability of performing the invasive procedure nationwide.
In adults
30% of Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) are primary, confined to the ventricular system and typically caused by intraventricular trauma, aneurysm, vascular malformations, or tumors, particularly of the choroid plexus.[11] However 70% of IVH are secondary in nature, resulting from an expansion of an existing intraparenchymal or subarachnoid hemorrhages.[11] Intraventricular hemorrhage has been found to occur in 35% of moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries.[12] Thus the hemorrhage usually does not occur without extensive associated damage, and so the outcome is rarely good.[13][14]
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Symptoms of IVH are similar to other intracerebral hemorrhages and include sudden onset of headache, nausea and vomiting, together with an alteration of the mental state and/or level of consciousness.[15] Focal neurological signs are either minimal or absent, but focal and/or generalized seizures may occur.[15] Xanthochromia, yellow tinged CSF, is the rule.[15] Diagnosis can be confirmed by the presence of blood inside the ventricles on CT.
Treatment
Treatment focuses on monitoring and should be accomplished with inpatient floor service for individuals responsive to commands or neurological ICU observation for those with impaired levels of consciousness.[16] Extra attention should be placed on intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring via an intraventricular catheter and medications to maintain ICP, blood pressure, and coagulation.[11] In more severe cases an external ventricular drain may be required to maintain ICP and evacuate the hemorrhage, and in extreme cases an open craniotomy may be required.[11][16] In cases of unilateral IVH with small intraparenchymal hemorrhage the combined method of stereotaxy and open craniotomy has produced promising results.[19]
Prognosis
Prognosis is also very poor when IVH results from intracerebral hemorrhage related to high blood pressure and is even worse when hydrocephalus follows.[1] It can result in dangerous increases in intracranial pressure and can cause potentially fatal brain herniation.[1] Even independently IVH can cause morbidity and mortality.First, Intraventricular blood can lead to a clot in the CSF conduits blocking its flow and leading to obstructive hydrocephalus which may quickly result in increased intracranial pressure and death.[16] Second, the breakdown products from the blood clot may generate an inflammatory response that damages the arachnoid granulations, inhibiting the regular reabsorption of CSF and resulting in permanent communicating hydrocephalus.[11][16]
Associated conditions
Brain contusions and subarachnoid hemorrhages are commonly associated with IVH.[17] The bleeding can involve the middle communicating artery or the posterior communicating artery.
In both adults and infants, IVH can cause dangerous increases in intracranial pressure, damage to the brain tissue, and hydrocephalus.[2][18]
References
- ^ a b c Yadav, Yad; Mukerji, Gaurav; Shenoy, Ravikiran; Basoor, Abhijeet; Jain, Gaurav; Nelson, Adam (2007). "Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus". BMC Neurology 7: 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-7-1. PMC 1780056. PMID 17204141.
- ^ a b c Annibale DJ and Hill J. 2006. Periventricular Hemorrhage-Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Emedicine.com. Retrieved on June 19, 2007.
- ^ Jobe, Alan H. (2004). "Post-conceptional age and IVH in ECMO patients". The Journal of Pediatrics 145 (2): A2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.07.010.
- ^ a b Whitelaw, Andrew; Brion, Luc P; Kennedy, Colin R; Odd, David (2001). Whitelaw, Andrew, ed. "Diuretic therapy for newborn infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002270.
- ^ a b Whitelaw, Andrew (2001). Whitelaw, Andrew, ed. "Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular hemorrhage". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000216.
- ^ Whitelaw, Andrew; Odd, David; Brion, Luc P; Kennedy, C R (2007). Whitelaw, Andrew, ed. "Intraventricular streptokinase after intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn infants". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000498.pub2.
- ^ de Vries, LS; Liem, KD; Van Dijk, K; Smit, BJ; Sie, L; Rademaker, KJ; Gavilanes, AWD; Dutch Working Group of Neonatal Neurology (2007). "Early versus late treatment of post-haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation: Results of a retrospective study from five neonatal intensive care units in the Netherlands". Acta Paediatrica 91 (2): 212–7. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01697.x. PMID 11952011.
- ^ Volpe, Joseph J. (1989). "Intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature infant?current concepts. Part I". Annals of Neurology 25 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1002/ana.410250103. PMID 2913926.
- ^ http://www.bris.ac.uk/clinicalsciencenorth/neonatal/ri/phitt.html
- ^ Whitelaw, A.; Jary, S.; Kmita, G.; Wroblewska, J.; Musialik-Swietlinska, E.; Mandera, M.; Hunt, L.; Carter, M.; Pople, I. (2010). "Randomized Trial of Drainage, Irrigation and Fibrinolytic Therapy for Premature Infants with Posthemorrhagic Ventricular Dilatation: Developmental Outcome at 2 years". Pediatrics 125 (4): e852–8. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1960. PMID 20211949.
- ^ a b c d e Hinson, Holly; Hanley, Daniel; Ziai, Wendy (March 2010). "Management of Intraventricular Hemorrhage". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 10 (2): 73–82. doi:10.1007/s11910-010-0086-6. PMC 3138489. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ Barkley JM, Morales D, Hayman LA, Diaz-Marchan PJ (2006). "Static neuroimaging in the evaluation of TBI". In Zasler ND, Katz DI, Zafonte RD. Brain Injury Medicine: Principles and Practice. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 140–43. ISBN 1-888799-93-5.
- ^ Dawodu S. 2007. "Traumatic Brain Injury: Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology" Emedicine.com. Retrieved on June 19, 2007.
- ^ Vinas FC and Pilitsis J. 2006. "Penetrating Head Trauma." Emedicine.com.
- ^ a b c Gates, Peter; Barnett, Henry; Vinters, Harry; Simonsen, Randall; Siu, Kevin (1986). "Primary Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Adults" (PDF). Srroke 17 (5): 872–877. doi:10.1161/01.STR.17.5.872.
- ^ a b c d Naff, Neal (June 1, 1999). "Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults". Current Treatment Options in Neurology 1 (3).
- ^ Leroux, Peter D.; Haglund, Michael M.; Newell, David W.; Grady, M. Sean; Winn, H. Richard (1992). "Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Blunt Head Trauma". Neurosurgery 31 (4): 678–84; discussion 684–5. doi:10.1227/00006123-199210000-00010. PMID 1407453.
- ^ Mayfrank, L.; Kissler, J.; Raoofi, R.; Delsing, P.; Weis, J.; Küker, W.; Gilsbach, J.M.; Muizelaar, J. P. (1997). "Ventricular Dilatation in Experimental Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Pigs: Characterization of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and the Effects of Fibrinolytic Treatment". Stroke 28 (1): 141–8. doi:10.1161/01.STR.28.1.141. PMID 8996503.
19. http://www.world-sci.com/read.aspx?id=135
External links
- Ultrasound Pictures of Germinal Matrix IVH MedPix Image Database
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Cerebrovascular diseases (G45–G46 and I60–I69, 430–438)
|
|
Brain ischemia/
cerebral infarction
(ischemic stroke/TIA) |
| TACI, PACI |
- precerebral: Carotid artery stenosis
- cerebral: MCA
- ACA
- Amaurosis fugax
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| POCI |
- precerebral: Anterior spinal artery syndrome
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- brainstem: medulla
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- midbrain
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- cerebral: PCA
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| General |
- cerebral: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
- CADASIL
- Binswanger's disease
- Transient global amnesia
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Intracranial hemorrhage
(hemorrhagic stroke) |
| Extra-axial |
- Epidural
- Subdural
- Subarachnoid
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| Cerebral/Intra-axial |
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| Brainstem |
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| Other/general |
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Index of the central nervous system
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| Description |
- Anatomy
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- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Cerebral palsy
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
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- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
- Tests
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| Treatment |
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Index of the circulatory system
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| Description |
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Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease (P, 760–779)
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Maternal factors and
complications of pregnancy,
labour and delivery |
| placenta: |
- Placenta praevia
- Placental insufficiency
- Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
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| chorion/amnion: |
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| umbilical cord: |
- Umbilical cord prolapse
- Nuchal cord
- Single umbilical artery
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Length of gestation
and fetal growth |
- Small for gestational age/Large for gestational age
- Preterm birth/Postmature birth
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| Birth trauma |
- scalp
- Cephalhematoma
- Chignon
- Caput succedaneum
- Subgaleal hemorrhage
- Brachial plexus lesion
- Erb's palsy
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| By system |
| Respiratory |
- Intrauterine hypoxia
- Infant respiratory distress syndrome
- Transient tachypnea of the newborn
- Meconium aspiration syndrome
- pleural disease
- Pneumothorax
- Pneumomediastinum
- Wilson–Mikity syndrome
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| Cardiovascular |
- Pneumopericardium
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Haemorrhagic and
hematologic disease |
- Vitamin K deficiency
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| Digestive |
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Integument and
thermoregulation |
- Erythema toxicum
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| Nervous system |
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- Perinatal mortality
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Index of developmental medicine
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- Embryology
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| Disease |
- Due to toxins
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Index of obstetrics
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| Description |
- Pregnancy
- Development
- Anatomy
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| Disease |
- Pregnancy and childbirth
- Placenta and neonate
- Infections
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- oxytocins
- labor repressants
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Neurotrauma (S06, Sx4, T09.3–4, 850–854, 950–957)
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| Traumatic brain injury |
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Intra-axial
- Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Extra-axial
- Subdural hematoma
- Epidural hematoma
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Brain herniation
- Cerebral contusion
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- Concussion
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- Second-impact syndrome
- Dementia pugilistica
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
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| Spinal cord injury |
- Cauda equina syndrome
- Paraplegia
- Tetraplegia (Quadriplegia)
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| Peripheral nerves |
- Nerve injury
- Wallerian degeneration
- Injury of accessory nerve
- Brachial plexus injury
- Traumatic neuroma
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Index of the central nervous system
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
|
|
| Disease |
- Cerebral palsy
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
- Tests
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- addiction
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
|
|
Index of the peripheral nervous system
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- Nerves
- cranial
- trigeminal
- cervical
- brachial
- lumbosacral plexus
- somatosensory
- spinal
- autonomic
- Physiology
- reflexes
- proteins
- neurotransmitters
- transporters
- Development
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| Disease |
- Autonomic
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Local anesthetics
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