adj.

血管内の、静脈内の

関: endovascular、endovascularly、i.v.、intravascularly、intravenous、intravenously、IV

WordNet

within or by means of a vein; "an intravenous inflammation"; "intravenous feeding" (同)endovenous
in an intravenous manner; "the patient had to be fed intravenously"

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静脈内の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/15 14:10:33」(JST)

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The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the human body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart. The word vascular, meaning relating to the blood vessels, is derived from the Latin vas, meaning vessel.

Structure

The arteries and veins have three layers, but the middle layer is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins:

Tunica intima (the thinnest layer): a single layer of simple squamous endothelial cells glued by a polysaccharide intercellular matrix, surrounded by a thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue interlaced with a number of circularly arranged elastic bands called the internal elastic lamina.
Tunica media (the thickest layer in arteries): circularly arranged elastic fiber, connective tissue, polysaccharide substances, the second and third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called external elastic lamina. The tunica media may (especially in arteries) be rich in vascular smooth muscle, which controls the caliber of the vessel.
Tunica adventitia: (the thickest layer in veins) entirely made of connective tissue. It also contains nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries (vasa vasorum) in the larger blood vessels.

Capillaries consist of little more than a layer of endothelium and occasional connective tissue.

When blood vessels connect to form a region of diffuse vascular supply it is called an anastomosis (pl. anastomoses). Anastomoses provide critical alternative routes for blood to flow in case of blockages.

There is a layer of muscle surrounding the arteries and the veins which help contract and expand the vessels. This creates enough pressure for blood to be pumped around the body. Blood vessels are part of the circulatory system, together with the heart and the blood.

Types

Blood vessel with an erythrocyte (red blood cell, E) within its lumen, endothelial cells forming its tunica intima (inner layer), and pericytes forming its tunica adventitia (outer layer)

There are various kinds of blood vessels:

Arteries
Elastic arteries
Distributing arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries (the smallest blood vessels)
Venules
Veins
- Large collecting vessels, such as the subclavian vein, the jugular vein, the renal vein and the iliac vein.
- Venae cavae (the two largest veins, carry blood into the heart).

They are roughly grouped as arterial and venous, determined by whether the blood in it is flowing away from (arterial) or toward (venous) the heart. The term "arterial blood" is nevertheless used to indicate blood high in oxygen, although the pulmonary artery carries "venous blood" and blood flowing in the pulmonary vein is rich in oxygen. This is because they are carrying the blood to and from the lungs, respectively, to be oxygenated.

Physiology

Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of blood (they have no appreciable peristalsis), but arteries—and veins to a degree—can regulate their inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer. This changes the blood flow to downstream organs, and is determined by the autonomic nervous system. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are also used antagonistically as methods of thermoregulation.

Oxygen (bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells) is the most critical nutrient carried by the blood. In all arteries apart from the pulmonary artery, hemoglobin is highly saturated (95-100%) with oxygen. In all veins apart from the pulmonary vein, the hemoglobin is desaturated at about 75%. (The values are reversed in the pulmonary circulation.)

The blood pressure in blood vessels is traditionally expressed in millimetres of mercury (1 mmHg = 133 Pa). In the arterial system, this is usually around 120 mmHg systolic (high pressure wave due to contraction of the heart) and 80 mmHg diastolic (low pressure wave). In contrast, pressures in the venous system are constant and rarely exceed 10 mmHg.

Vasoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels (narrowing, becoming smaller in cross-sectional area) by contracting the vascular smooth muscle in the vessel walls. It is regulated by vasoconstrictors (agents that cause vasoconstriction). These include paracrine factors (e.g. prostaglandins), a number of hormones (e.g. vasopressin and angiotensin) and neurotransmitters (e.g. epinephrine) from the nervous system.

Vasodilation is a similar process mediated by antagonistically acting mediators. The most prominent vasodilator is nitric oxide (termed endothelium-derived relaxing factor for this reason).

Permeability of the endothelium is pivotal in the release of nutrients to the tissue. It is also increased in inflammation in response to histamine, prostaglandins and interleukins, which leads to most of the symptoms of inflammation (swelling, redness, warmth and pain).

Factors affecting blood flow resistance

Resistance occurs where the vessels away from the heart oppose the flow of blood. Resistance is an accumulation of three different factors: blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and vessel radius.^[1]

Blood viscosity is the thickness of the blood and its resistance to flow as a result of the different components of the blood. Blood is 92% water by weight and the rest of blood is composed of protein, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, and dissolved gases. Depending on the health of an individual, the blood viscosity can vary (i.e. anemia causing relatively lower concentrations of protein, high blood pressure an increase in dissolved salts or lipids, etc.).^[1]

Vessel length is the total length of the vessel measured as the distance away from the heart. As the total length of the vessel increases, the total resistance as a result of friction will increase.^[1]

Vessel radius also affects the total resistance as a result of contact with the vessel wall. As the radius of the wall gets smaller, the proportion of the blood making contact with the wall will increase. The greater amount of contact with the wall will increase the total resistance against the blood flow.^[2]

Disease

Blood vessels play a huge role in virtually every medical condition. Cancer, for example, cannot progress unless the tumor causes angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) to supply the malignant cells' metabolic demand. Atherosclerosis, the formation of lipid lumps (atheromas) in the blood vessel wall, is the most common cardiovascular disease, the main cause of death in the Western world.

Blood vessel permeability is increased in inflammation. Damage, due to trauma or spontaneously, may lead to hemorrhage due to mechanical damage to the vessel endothelium. In contrast, occlusion of the blood vessel by atherosclerotic plaque, by an embolised blood clot or a foreign body leads to downstream ischemia (insufficient blood supply) and possibly necrosis. Vessel occlusion tends to be a positive feedback system; an occluded vessel creates eddies in the normally laminar flow or plug flow blood currents. These eddies create abnormal fluid velocity gradients which push blood elements such as cholesterol or chylomicron bodies to the endothelium. These deposit onto the arterial walls which are already partially occluded and build upon the blockage.^[3]

Vasculitis is inflammation of the vessel wall, due to autoimmune disease or infection.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Anatomy Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Saladin, McGraw Hill, 2012
^ "Factors that Affect Blood Pressure" (PDF). Retrieved 6 Dec 2014.
^ Multiphase Flow and Fluidization, Gidaspow et al., Academic Press, 1992

UpToDate Contents

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1. 血管内カテーテル感染症の予防 prevention of intravascular catheter related infections
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English Journal

microRNAs mediate oleic acid-induced acute lung injury in rats using an alternative injury mechanism.

Lee SM1, Choi H2, Yang G2, Park KC2, Jeong S3, Hong S3.
Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2014 Jul;10(1):292-300. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2155. Epub 2014 Apr 15.
Intravenous (IV) infusion of oleic acid (OA) distributes OA microemboli in the pulmonary capillaries, which results in severe vascular congestion, hemorrhage vascular congestion, interstitial edema, intravascular coagulation and bleeding. The immune response to acute lung injury (ALI) is known to be
PMID 24736893

The nephrotic syndrome: pathogenesis and treatment of edema formation and secondary complications.

Cadnapaphornchai MA1, Tkachenko O, Shchekochikhin D, Schrier RW.
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Targeting and depletion of circulating leukocytes and cancer cells by lipophilic antibody-modified erythrocytes.

Mukthavaram R1, Shi G2, Kesari S3, Simberg D4.
Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.J Control Release.2014 Jun 10;183:146-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.038. Epub 2014 Mar 28.
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Japanese Journal

Supermicrosurgery (特集私はこうしている : 微小血管吻合法)

光嶋勲,成島三長,山本匠 [他]
形成外科 55(9), 975-981, 2012-09
NAID 40019420646

臨床報告血管内大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫に対する全脳照射後に硝子体手術を施行した放射線網膜症の1例

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臨床眼科 66(8), 1239-1244, 2012-08
NAID 40019410960

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「静脈内」「i.v.」「血管内」「IV」「endovascular」
拡張検索	「disseminated intravascular coagulation」「disseminated intravascular coagulopathy」「intravascular coagulopathy」「intravascular malignant lymphomatosis」

「静脈内」

Blood vessel
	Simple diagram of the human circulatory system
Details
Identifiers
Latin	vas sanguineum
TA	A12.0.00.001
FMA	63183
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]