WordNet

a condition or state of affairs almost beyond ones ability to deal with and requiring great effort to bear or overcome; "grappling with financial difficulties"
the quality of being difficult; "they agreed about the difficulty of the climb" (同)difficultness
a factor causing trouble in achieving a positive result or tending to produce a negative result; "serious difficulties were encountered in obtaining a pure reagent"
not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure; "a difficult task"; "nesting places on the cliffs are difficult of access"; "difficult times"; "why is it so hard for you to keep a secret?" (同)hard

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『難しさ』,困難 / 〈C〉『困難なこと』,難事,障害 / 〈C〉《通例複数形で》『困難な状況』,(特に)財政困難 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…との)不和,仲たがい《+『with』(『between』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉苦情,反対
(物事が)『難しい』,困難な,骨の折れる / (人が)『気難しい』,つきあいにくい,扱いにくい

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1. 成人における嚥下障害の概要 overview of dysphagia in adults
2. 口腔咽頭嚥下障害：診断および治療 oropharyngeal dysphagia clinical features diagnosis and management
3. 小児における嚥下障害の評価 evaluation of dysphagia in children
4. 緩和ケアにおける嚥下障害および誤嚥：定義、影響、病態生理、および病因 swallowing disorders and aspiration in palliative care definition consequences pathophysiology and etiology
5. 口腔咽頭嚥下障害：病因および臨床症状 oropharyngeal dysphagia etiology and pathogenesis

Impaired laryngopharyngeal sensitivity in patients with COPD: The association with swallow function.

Clayton NA1, Carnaby GD, Peters MJ, Ing AJ.
International journal of speech-language pathology.Int J Speech Lang Pathol.2014 Dec;16(6):615-23. doi: 10.3109/17549507.2014.882987. Epub 2014 Feb 24.
Abstract Research indicates that patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have increased aspiration risk. Several factors may pre-dispose a patient to aspiration including a reduction in laryngopharyngeal sensitivity (LPS). Reduced LPS has been associated with increased aspiration
PMID 24564527

Beyond the glutamine expansion: influence of posttranslational modifications of ataxin-1 in the pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1.

Ju H1, Kokubu H, Lim J.
Molecular neurobiology.Mol Neurobiol.2014 Dec;50(3):866-74. doi: 10.1007/s12035-014-8703-z. Epub 2014 Apr 22.
Posttranslational modifications are crucial mechanisms that modulate various cellular signaling pathways, and their dysregulation is associated with many human diseases. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive ataxia, mild
PMID 24752589

Cho SY1, Choung RS, Saito YA, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Locke GR 3rd, Talley NJ.
Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.Neurogastroenterol Motil.2014 Nov 6. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12467. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Dysphagia is considered an alarm symptom but detailed population-based data on dysphagia are lacking. We aimed to estimate in a representative USA Caucasian population, the prevalence of dysphagia and potential risk factors.METHODS: A modified version of the previously validated Bowel Di
PMID 25376877

齋藤善光,渡辺昭司,春日井滋,向出光博,及川貴生,三上公志,肥塚泉
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 105(6), 559-566, 2012-06-01
… A 31-year old male (case 1) suffered from difficulty of swallowing and deviation of the tongue toward the posterior wall of the oropharynx because of the giant cyst. … A 25-year old female (case 2) suffered from the swelling of the floor of the oral cavity and difficulty in breathing when she lay down in the supine position. …
NAID 10030601301