n.

逸脱、脱出、脱出症

v.

逸脱する、脱出する

関: aberration、departure、deviate、deviation、diverge、escape、hernia

WordNet

slip or fall out of place, as of body parts; "prolapsed rectum"
the slipping or falling out of place of an organ (as the uterus) (同)prolapsus, descensus
issue or leak, as from a small opening; "Gas escaped into the bedroom"
a plant originally cultivated but now growing wild
an inclination to retreat from unpleasant realities through diversion or fantasy; "romantic novels were her escape from the stress of daily life"; "his alcohol problem was a form of escapism" (同)escapism
the act of escaping physically; "he made his escape from the mental hospital"; "the canary escaped from its cage"; "his flight was an indication of his guilt" (同)flight
a means or way of escaping; "hard work was his escape from worry"; "they installed a second hatch as an escape"; "their escape route"
an avoidance of danger or difficulty; "that was a narrow escape"
the discharge of a fluid from some container; "they tried to stop the escape of gas from the damaged pipe"; "he had to clean up the leak" (同)leak, leakage, outflow
remove oneself from a familiar environment, usually for pleasure or diversion; "We escaped to our summer house for a few days"; "The president of the company never manages to get away during the summer" (同)get away
run away from confinement; "The convicted murderer escaped from a high security prison" (同)get away, break loose
an optical phenomenon resulting from the failure of a lens or mirror to produce a good image (同)distortion, optical aberration
a disorder in ones mental state
move or draw apart; "The two paths diverge here"
extend in a different direction; "The lines start to diverge here"; "Their interests diverged"
have no limits as a mathematical series
cause to turn away from a previous or expected course; "The river was deviated to prevent flooding"
turn aside; turn away from (同)divert
be at variance with; be out of line with (同)vary, diverge, depart
the act of departing (同)going, going away, leaving

PrepTutorEJDIC

(腸・子宮などの)脱出,下垂
(危うく…から)『逃げ出す』,脱走する《+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / (危うく逮捕・危害などから)『免れる』《+『from』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (容器などから)〈気体・液体・粒状物などが〉流出する,漏れる《+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / (未然に)…‘から'『逃げる』,逃れる,‘を'うまくかわす / 〈逮捕・危害など〉‘を'『免れる』,逃れる / 〈人〉‘に'忘れられる,‘の'注意を引かない;〈人の注意など〉‘を'引かない / 〈言葉・ため息などが〉〈人,人の口〉‘から'思わず出る / 〈C〉〈U〉(…から)『逃げ出すこと』,脱走;(…を)免れること《+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…から)逃げる(逃れる)手段,逃げ道《+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…からの)(ガス・水などの)漏れ《+『of』+『名』+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》
正道からはずれること,非行,異常 / (軽い)精神異常
(一点から)分岐する,分かれる《+『from』+『名』》 / (定まったコースから)それる,外れる《+『from』+『名』》
(…から)それる,外れる《+『from』+『名』》
(…から)(遠くへ)『立ち去ること』,『出発』《+『from』+『名』》 / (通常のことから)『はずれること』,逸脱《+『from』+『名』》 / (方針・考えなどの)新機軸,新方針

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/06 18:46:09」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For the British musical group, see Prolapse (band).

Prolapse literally means "to fall out of place‚" from the Latin prolabi meaning "to fall out." In medicine, prolapse is a condition where organs, such as the uterus, fall down or slip out of place. It is used for organs protruding through the vagina or the rectum or for the misalignment of the valves of the heart. A spinal disc herniation is also sometimes called "disc prolapse."

Relating to the uterus, prolapse condition results in an inferior extension of the organ into the vagina, causing weakened muscles.

In humans[edit]

Heart valve prolapse[edit]

Further information: Mitral valve prolapse

The main type of prolapse of heart valves in humans is mitral valve prolapse (MVP), which is a valvular heart disease characterized by the displacement of an abnormally thickened mitral valve leaflet into the left atrium during systole.

Tricuspid valve prolapse can cause tricuspid regurgitation.^[1]

Rectal prolapse[edit]

Further information: Rectal prolapse

Rectal prolapse is a condition in which part of the wall or the entire wall of the rectum falls out of place. In some cases, the rectum may protrude.

Symptoms of a rectal prolapse may be:

Leakage of stool
Bleeding, anal pain, itching, irritation
Tissue that protrudes from the rectum

A surgeon may operate through the abdomen to secure part of the large intestine or rectum to the inside the abdominal cavity (rectopexy). Sometimes the surgeon removes the affected part of the intestine.

Surgery also can be done through the perineum (the area between the genitals and the anus) to remove the prolapsing tissue.

Surgery is most often successful for people who still have some control over their bowel movements. If the anal sphincter is damaged, surgery may correct the prolapse but not be able to completely correct fecal incontinence (lack of control of bowel movements). Fecal incontinence can both potentially improve or worsen after prolapse surgery.

If the lining has fallen out of the anus and is around 7 cm or less, it should eventually retract back inside naturally, though the retraction can take up to 96 hours (4 days).

Female genital prolapse[edit]

Further information: Uterine prolapse, Female genital prolapse

Uterine prolapse (or Pelvic organ prolapse) occurs when the female pelvic organs fall from their normal position, into or through the vagina. Occurring in women of all ages, it is more common as women age, particularly in those who have delivered large babies or had exceedingly long pushing phases of labor. Smoking, obesity, connective tissue disorders, upper respiratory disorders‚ and repetitive strain injuries can all increase prolapse risk. Minor prolapse can be treated with exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles; more serious prolapse, e.g., complete procidentia, requires pessary use or reconstructive surgical treatment. Reconstructive pelvic prolapse surgery may be done without resorting to complete hysterectomy by hysteropexy,^[2] the resuspension of the prolapsed uterus. Traditional gynecologic practice favors removal of the uterus or ovaries (or both) at the time of prolapse surgery, and one estimate states that of the 600,000 hysterectomies performed in the United States every year, 13 percent are for prolapse.^[3] However, there is concern that many of these hysterectomies may be unnecessary and that hysteropexy would suffice as a treatment instead.

The rectum or urinary bladder may also prolapse as a result of changes in the integrity of connective tissue in the posterior or anterior vaginal walls, respectively. Symptoms may include a feeling of pressure in the pelvis, or the visible protrusion of organs from the vagina. Prolapse is almost never painful, but the change in position of organs may cause urinary or bowel symptoms.

In other species[edit]

In birds[edit]

An egg-bound budgerigar hen with a prolapsed vagina and her mate

Oviduct prolapse is an often fatal condition in birds. When an egg is laid, the vagina everts through the cloaca to deliver the egg. Large eggs and avian obesity are contributors to this condition. Immediate veterinary assistance is paramount to the survival of a bird with prolapse. Even with immediate medical intervention the chances for survival are usually uncertain. Untreated birds will begin to tear at the injury site, and other flockmates will begin to cannibalize the prolapse area, a behaviour commonly known as pickout.

In cattle[edit]

Uterine prolapse in cattle, particularly dairy cattle, generally occurs in the first 12 hours post-calving.^{[citation needed]} Frequent causes are hypocalcemia combined with irritation of the birth canal, causing straining. Replacement of the protrusion, which can range from the size of a softball to the hanging of the entire uterus down below the hocks, is performed with the cow in sternal recumbency, an epidural injection, and hindlimbs 'frogged' rearwards to allow the pelvis to tip forward, easing replacement.^{[citation needed]} Careful washing and cleaning prior to replacement is important as is ensuring that the horns are completely everted once inside the cow. Often a Buhner suture is placed in the vulva to prevent subsequent reprolapse.

In sheep[edit]

Same as in cows.^{[citation needed]}

with newborn lamb
with afterbirth
stained uterus (12 hours out)
before re-positionning

In pigs[edit]

Rectal prolapse is a condition routinely identified in pigs on farms and at slaughterhouses. If not reduced quickly, prolapses in pigs become necrotic and infected, and risk being cannibalized by other pen mates. If the latter happens it normally results in death of the animal by septicemia, shock or faecal peritonitis.

In horses and mules[edit]

Rectal prolapse occurring in horse and mule would be better termed anal prolapse, as it only involves mucous membrane moving posteriorly to form a circular protrusion outside the anus ^[4] The condition is not painful.

In mares after parturition, it is described as a 10 to 60 mm mucous protrusion.^[5]

In young mules and foals, anal prolapse occurs with a frequency similar to that of Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis. In extensive breeding conditions, the disease is only recognized after some days, leading to intense edema of prolapsed tissues and necrosis of the mucous membrane.

Early cases in should be treated with the application of hygroscopic substances like powdered sugar followed by purse-string suturing. When prolapsed tissues are edematous and necrotic, amputation is performed. The prognosis is fair as the removed tissues do not contain any important organs or large blood vessels.

on a mule
on a foal
submucosal edema
simple removal of prolapsed edematous tissues

References[edit]

^ Page 41 in: Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7153-6.
^ Price N., Slack A., Jackson S. "Laparoscopic hysteropexy: the initial results of a uterine suspension procedure for uterovaginal prolapse." BJOG 2010;117:62–68. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02396. www.bjog.org
^ "Vaginal rejuvenation: sounds great. What is it?". Beautycallbooks.com. Retrieved 2009-12-14. mirror
^ The Merck Veterinary Manual, 3rd ed.‚ Merck and co. Inc. Rahway, N.J., USA, 1967
^ V.L. Tharp, in Cattcott E.J. & Smithcors J.F. Equine Medicine and Surgery, American Veterinary Publications Inc., 2nd ed 1972, French translation Vigot Frères, Paris, France, 1974, ISBN 2-7114-0653-0.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pelvic prolapses.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 女性の骨盤臓器脱：疫学、危険因子、臨床症状、マネージメント pelvic organ prolapse in women epidemiology risk factors clinical manifestations and management
2. 女性の骨盤臓器脱：診断的評価 pelvic organ prolapse in women diagnostic evaluation
3. 女性の骨盤臓器脱：一次手術の術式選択 pelvic organ prolapse in women choosing a primary surgical procedure
4. 女性の骨盤臓器脱：先端脱（子宮脱または膣円蓋脱）の外科的修復 pelvic organ prolapse in women surgical repair of apical prolapse uterine or vaginal vault prolapse
5. 経膣メッシュ曝露と骨盤手術後の疼痛のマネージメント management of transvaginal mesh exposure and pain following pelvic surgery

English Journal

A novel frameshift mutation and infrequent clinical findings in two cases with Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome.

Seven M, Koparir E, Gezdirici A, Aydin H, Skladny H, Fenercioğlu E, Güven G, Karataş OF, Koparir A, Ozen M, Ulucan H.SourceaDepartment of Medical Genetics, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University bDepartment of Medical Genetics, Zeynep Kamil Women and Children Diseases Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey cCentre for Human Genetics (Zentrum für Humangenetik, ZHMA), Mannheim, Germany.
Clinical dysmorphology.Clin Dysmorphol.2014 Jan;23(1):1-7. doi: 10.1097/MCD.0000000000000020.
Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome (DMC) (MIM #223800) is a rare autosomal-recessive type of skeletal dysplasia accompanied by variable degrees of intellectual disability (ID). It is characterized by progressive spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia leading to disproportionate short stature, microcephaly,
PMID 24300288

Robot-assisted Sacrocolpopexy for Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Surgical Technique and Outcomes at a Single High-volume Institution.

Ploumidis A, Spinoit AF, Naeyer GD, Schatteman P, Gan M, Ficarra V, Volpe A, Mottrie A.SourceOLV Vattikuti Robotic Surgery Institute, Aalst, Belgium.
European urology.Eur Urol.2014 Jan;65(1):138-45. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.05.054. Epub 2013 Jun 11.
BACKGROUND: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) represents a common female pelvic floor disorder that has a serious impact on quality of life. Several types of procedures with different surgical approaches have been described to correct these defects, but the optimal management is still debated.OBJECTIVE: T
PMID 23806518

Umbilical cord prolapse during delivery - risk factors and pregnancy outcome: a single center experience.

Gabbay-Benziv R, Maman M, Wiznitzer A, Linder N, Yogev Y.SourceDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helen Schneider Hospital for Women .
The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.2014 Jan;27(1):14-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2013.799651. Epub 2013 May 30.
Abstract Objective: To determine the incidence and risk factors for umbilical cord prolapse and to evaluate whether obstetrical interventions increase this risk. Methods: A retrospective, cohort study of all intended vaginal deliveries in a single tertiary university affiliated medical center (33
PMID 23617536

The role of mode of delivery on elastic fiber architecture and vaginal vault elasticity: A rodent model study.

Downing KT, Billah M, Raparia E, Shah A, Silverstein MC, Ahmad A, Boutis GS.SourceMontefiore, The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Mazer Rm 635 Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.J Mech Behav Biomed Mater.2014 Jan;29:190-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.08.025. Epub 2013 Sep 8.
We report on an experimental study of the role of mode of delivery and pregnancy on the architecture of vaginal elastic fibers and vaginal vault elasticity in female Sprague-Dawley rats. In primiparous rats submitted to spontaneous or Cesarean delivery and virgin rats submitted to simulated delivery
PMID 24099948