This article is about technology, especially electrical engineering. For other uses, see Distortion (disambiguation).
"Distort" redirects here. For other uses, see Distort (disambiguation).
Distortion is the alteration of the original shape (or other characteristic) of something, such as an object, image, sound or waveform. Distortion is usually unwanted, and so engineers strive to eliminate distortion, or minimize it. In some situations, however, distortion may be desirable. The important signal processing operation of heterodyning is based on nonlinear mixing of signals to cause intermodulation. Distortion is also used as a musical effect, particularly with electric guitars.
The addition of noise or other outside signals (hum, interference) is not deemed distortion, though the effects of quantization distortion are sometimes deemed noise. A quality measure that explicitly reflects both the noise and the distortion is the Signal-to-noise-and-distortion (SINAD) ratio.
Contents
- 1 Electronic signals
- 1.1 Amplitude distortion
- 1.2 Harmonic distortion
- 1.3 Frequency response distortion
- 1.4 Phase distortion
- 1.5 Group delay distortion
- 2 Correction of distortion
- 2.1 Cancellation of even-order harmonic distortion
- 3 Teletypewriter or modem signaling
- 4 Distortion in art
- 5 Audio distortion
- 6 Optics
- 7 Map projections
- 8 See also
- 9 References
Electronic signals
Graph of a waveform and some distorted versions of the same waveform
In telecommunication and signal processing, a noise-free system can be characterised by a transfer function, such that the output can be written as a function of the input as
When the transfer function comprises only a perfect gain constant A and perfect delay T
the output is undistorted. Distortion occurs when the transfer function F is more complicated than this. If F is a linear function, for instance a filter whose gain and/or delay varies with frequency, the signal suffers linear distortion. Linear distortion does not introduce new frequency components to a signal but does alter the balance of existing ones.
This diagram shows the behaviour of a signal (made up of a square wave followed by a sine wave) as it is passed through various distorting functions.
- The first trace (in black) shows the input. It also shows the output from a non-distorting transfer function (straight line).
- A high-pass filter (green trace) distorts the shape of a square wave by reducing its low frequency components. This is the cause of the "droop" seen on the top of the pulses. This "pulse distortion" can be very significant when a train of pulses must pass through an AC-coupled (high-pass filtered) amplifier. As the sine wave contains only one frequency, its shape is unaltered.
- A low-pass filter (blue trace) rounds the pulses by removing the high frequency components. All systems are low pass to some extent. Note that the phase of the sine wave is different for the lowpass and the highpass cases, due to the phase distortion of the filters.
- A slightly non-linear transfer function (purple), this one gently compresses the peaks of the sine wave, as may be typical of a tube audio amplifier. This generates small amounts of low order harmonics.
- A hard-clipping transfer function (red) generates high order harmonics. Parts of the transfer function are flat, which indicates that all information about the input signal has been lost in this region.
The transfer function of an ideal amplifier, with perfect gain and delay, is only an approximation. The true behavior of the system is usually different. Nonlinearities in the transfer function of an active device (such as vacuum tubes, transistors, and operational amplifiers) are a common source of non-linear distortion; in passive components (such as a coaxial cable or optical fiber), linear distortion can be caused by inhomogeneities, reflections, and so on in the propagation path.
Amplitude distortion
Main article: Amplitude distortion
See also: Clipping (signal processing)
Amplitude distortion is distortion occurring in a system, subsystem, or device when the output amplitude is not a linear function of the input amplitude under specified conditions.
Harmonic distortion
Harmonic distortion adds overtones that are whole number multiples of a sound wave's frequencies.[1] Nonlinearities that give rise to amplitude distortion in audio systems are most often measured in terms of the harmonics (overtones) added to a pure sinewave fed to the system. Harmonic distortion may be expressed in terms of the relative strength of individual components, in decibels, or the root mean square of all harmonic components: Total harmonic distortion (THD), as a percentage. The level at which harmonic distortion becomes audible depends on the exact nature of the distortion. Different types of distortion (like crossover distortion) are more audible than others (like soft clipping) even if the THD measurements are identical. Harmonic distortion in radio frequency applications is rarely expressed as THD.
Frequency response distortion
See also: Frequency response
Non-flat frequency response is a form of distortion that occurs when different frequencies are amplified by different amounts in a filter. For example, the non-uniform frequency response curve of AC-coupled cascade amplifier is an example of frequency distortion. In the audio case, this is mainly caused by room acoustics, poor loudspeakers and microphones, long loudspeaker cables in combination with frequency dependent loudspeaker impedance, etc.
Phase distortion
Main article: Phase distortion
This form of distortion mostly occurs due to electrical reactance. Here, all the components of the input signal are not amplified with the same phase shift, hence making some parts of the output signal out of phase with the rest of the output.
Group delay distortion
Can be found only in dispersive media. In a waveguide, phase velocity varies with frequency. In a filter, group delay tends to peak near the cut-off frequency, resulting in pulse distortion. When analog long distance trunks were commonplace, for example in 12 channel carrier, group delay distortion had to be corrected in repeaters.
Correction of distortion
As the system output is given by y(t) = F(x(t)), then if the inverse function F−1 can be found, and used intentionally to distort either the input or the output of the system, then the distortion is corrected.
An example of a similar correction is where LP/vinyl recordings or FM audio transmissions are deliberately pre-emphasised by a linear filter, the reproducing system applies an inverse filter to make the overall system undistorted.
Correction is not possible if the inverse does not exist—for instance if the transfer function has flat spots (the inverse would map multiple input points to a single output point). This produces an uncorrectable loss of information. Such a situation can occur when an amplifier is overdriven—causing clipping or slew rate distortion when, for a moment, the amplifier characteristics alone and not the input signal determine the output.
Cancellation of even-order harmonic distortion
Many symmetrical electronic circuits reduce the magnitude of even harmonics generated by the non-linearities of the amplifier's components, by combining two signals from opposite halves of the circuit where distortion components that are roughly the same magnitude but out of phase. Examples include push-pull amplifiers and long-tailed pairs.
Teletypewriter or modem signaling
In binary signaling such as FSK, distortion is the shifting of the significant instants of the signal pulses from their proper positions relative to the beginning of the start pulse. The magnitude of the distortion is expressed in percent of an ideal unit pulse length. This is sometimes called 'bias' distortion.
Telegraphic distortion is a similar older problem, distorting the ratio between "mark" and "space" intervals. [1]
Distortion in art
In the art world, a distortion is any change made by an artist to the size, shape or visual character of a form to express an idea, convey a feeling or enhance visual impact. Often referred to as "abstraction," examples of distortion include "The Weeping Woman" by Picasso and "The Adoration of the Shepherds" by El Greco.
Audio distortion
Main article: Distortion (music)
A graph of a waveform and the distorted version of the same waveform
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Distorted waveforms
An audio example of a short sample followed by different distorted versions of it.
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In this context, distortion refers to any kind of deformation of an output waveform compared to its input, usually clipping, harmonic distortion, or intermodulation distortion (mixing phenomena) caused by non-linear behavior of electronic components and power supply limitations.[2] Terms for specific types of nonlinear audio distortion include: crossover distortion, slew-Induced Distortion (SID) and transient intermodulation (TIM).
Distortion in music is often intentionally used as an effect when applied to an electric guitar signal in styles of rock music such as heavy metal and punk rock (see also overdrive and distortion synthesis). Other forms of audio distortion that may be referred to are non-flat frequency response, compression, modulation, aliasing, quantization noise, wow and flutter from analog media such as vinyl records and magnetic tape. The human ear cannot hear phase distortion, except that it may affect the stereo imaging. (See also: Audio system measurements.)
In most fields, distortion is characterized as unwanted change to a signal.
Optics
Main article: Distortion (optics)
In optics, image/optical distortion is a divergence from rectilinear projection caused by a change in magnification with increasing distance from the optical axis of an optical system.
Map projections
Main article: Map projection
In cartography, a distortion is the misrepresentation of the area or shape of a feature. The Mercator projection, for example, distorts by exaggerating the size of regions at high latitude.
See also
- Aliasing
- Amplitude distortion
- Attenuation distortion
- Bias distortion
- Crossover distortion
- Distortion (music)
- Distortion power factor
- Fading
- Image warping
- Intermodulation distortion
- Lossy compression
- Total harmonic distortion
- Tube sound
References
- ^ Moscal, Tony (1994). Sound Check: The Basics of Sound and Sound Systems. Hal Leonard. p. 55.
- ^ Audio Electronics by John Linsley Hood; page 162
This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C" (in support of MIL-STD-188).
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Noise (physics and telecommunications)
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| General |
- Acoustic quieting
- Distortion
- Noise cancellation
- Noise control
- Noise measurement
- Noise power
- Noise reduction
- Noise temperature
- Phase distortion
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| Noise in... |
- Audio
- Buildings
- Electronics
- Environment
- Government regulation
- Human health
- Images
- Radio
- Rooms
- Ships
- Sound masking
- Transportation
- Video
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| Class of noise |
- Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
- Atmospheric noise
- Background noise
- Brownian noise
- Burst noise
- Cosmic noise
- Flicker noise
- Gaussian noise
- Grey noise
- Jitter
- Johnson–Nyquist noise (thermal noise)
- Pink noise
- Quantization error (or q. noise)
- Shot noise
- White noise
- Coherent noise
- Value noise
- Gradient noise
- Worley noise
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Engineering
terms |
- Channel noise level
- Circuit noise level
- Effective input noise temperature
- Equivalent noise resistance
- Equivalent pulse code modulation noise
- Impulse noise (audio)
- Noise figure
- Noise floor
- Noise shaping
- Noise spectral density
- Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH)
- Phase noise
- Pseudorandom noise
- Statistical noise
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| Ratios |
- Carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N)
- Carrier-to-receiver noise density (C/kT)
- dBrnC
- Eb/N0 (energy per bit to noise density)
- Es/N0 (energy per symbol to noise density)
- Modulation error ratio (MER)
- Signal, noise and distortion (SINAD)
- Signal-to-interference ratio (S/I)
- Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N, SNR)
- Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)
- Signal to noise plus interference (SNIR)
- Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR)
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| Related topics |
- List of noise topics
- Acoustics
- Colors of noise
- Interference (communication)
- Noise generator
- Radio noise source
- Spectrum analyzer
- Thermal radiation
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Analog television broadcasting topics
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| Systems |
- 180-line
- 405-line ( System A )
- 441-line
- 525-line ( System J , System M )
- 625-line ( System B , System C , System D , System G , System H , System I , System K , System L , System N )
- 819-line ( System E , System F )
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| Color systems |
- NTSC
- PAL
- PAL-M
- PAL-S
- PALplus
- SECAM
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| Video |
- Back porch and front porch
- Black level
- Blanking level
- Chrominance
- Chrominance subcarrier
- Colorburst
- Color killer
- Color TV
- Composite video
- Frame (video)
- Horizontal scan rate
- Horizontal blanking interval
- Luma
- Nominal analogue blanking
- Overscan
- Raster scan
- Safe area
- Television lines
- Vertical blanking interval
- White clipper
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| Sound |
- Multichannel television sound
- NICAM
- Sound-in-Syncs
- Zweikanalton
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| Modulation |
- Frequency modulation
- Quadrature amplitude modulation
- Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
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| Transmission |
- Amplifiers
- Antenna (radio)
- Broadcast transmitter/Transmitter station
- Cavity amplifier
- Differential gain
- Differential phase
- Diplexer
- Dipole antenna
- Dummy load
- Frequency mixer
- Intercarrier method
- Intermediate frequency
- Output power of an analog TV transmitter
- Pre-emphasis
- Residual carrier
- Split sound system
- Superheterodyne transmitter
- Television receive-only
- Direct-broadcast satellite television
- Television transmitter
- Terrestrial television
- Transposer
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| Frequencies & Bands |
- Frequency offset
- Microwave transmission
- Television channel frequencies
- UHF
- VHF
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| Propagation |
- Beam tilt
- Distortion
- Earth bulge
- Field strength in free space
- Knife-edge effect
- Noise (electronics)
- Null fill
- Path loss
- Radiation pattern
- Skew
- Television interference
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| Testing |
- Distortionmeter
- Field strength meter
- Vectorscope
- VIT signals
- Zero reference pulse
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| Artifacts |
- Dot crawl
- Ghosting
- Hanover bars
- Sparklies
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