abnormal

• adj.

• 異常な、異常性の

関

aberrant、aberrantly、aberration、abnormality、abnormally、anomalous、anomalously、anomaly、defect、deviant、deviation、extraordinarily、extraordinary、unusual、unusually

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. much greater than the normal; "abnormal profits"; "abnormal ambition"
2. not normal; not typical or usual or regular or conforming to a norm; "abnormal powers of concentration"; "abnormal amounts of rain"; "abnormal circumstances"; "an abnormal interest in food" (同)unnatural
3. departing from the normal in e.g. intelligence and development; "they were heartbroken when they learned their child was abnormal"; "an abnormal personality"
4. deviate behavior (同)deviance
5. the error of a compass due to local magnetic disturbances
6. a variation that deviates from the standard or norm; "the deviation from the mean" (同)divergence, departure, difference
7. the difference between an observed value and the expected value of a variable or function
8. desert (a cause, a country or an army), often in order to join the opposing cause, country, or army; "If soldiers deserted Hitlers army, they were shot" (同)desert
9. an imperfection in an object or machine; "a flaw caused the crystal to shatter"; "if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer" (同)fault, flaw
10. an imperfection in a bodily system; "visual defects"; "this device permits detection of defects in the lungs"
11. a failing or deficiency; "that interpretation is an unfortunate defect of our lack of information" (同)shortcoming
12. markedly different from an accepted norm; "aberrant behavior"; "deviant ideas" (同)deviant, deviate
13. one whose behavior departs substantially from the norm of a group
14. beyond what is ordinary or usual; highly unusual or exceptional or remarkable; "extraordinary authority"; "an extraordinary achievement"; "her extraordinary beauty"; "enjoyed extraordinary popularity"; "an extraordinary capacity for work"; "an extraordinary session of the legislature"
15. far more than usual or expected; "an extraordinary desire for approval"; "it was an over-the-top experience" (同)over-the-top, sinful
16. (of an official) serving an unusual or special function in addition to those of the regular officials; "an ambassador extraordinary"
17. marked strangeness as a consequence of being abnormal (同)freakishness
18. behavior that breaches the rule or etiquette or custom or morality (同)irregularity
19. an abnormal physical condition resulting from defective genes or developmental deficiencies (同)abnormalcy
20. retardation sufficient to fall outside the normal range of intelligence (同)mental defectiveness
21. not usual or common or ordinary; "a scene of unusual beauty"; "a man of unusual ability"; "cruel and unusual punishment"; "an unusual meteorite"
22. not commonly encountered; "two-career families are no longer unusual"
23. the branch of psychology concerned with abnormal behavior (同)psychopathology
24. any abnormality of mental function

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『異常な』,普通でない,規準をはずれた
2. 〈C〉〈U〉(…から)外れること,(…からの)脱線,逸脱《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈C〉偏差;磁針の自差
3. 〈C〉『欠点』,弱点,欠陥 / 〈U〉〈C〉《古》不足,欠乏 / (国・党・主義などから)離脱する,裏切って出る《+『from』+『名』》;離反して(…に)転向する《+『to』+『名』》
4. 正道からはずれた,常軌を逸した;異常な
5. 『並はずれた』;異常な / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『特別の』,臨時の
6. 〈U〉異常,変則 / 〈U〉異常なもの(事件)
7. 『普通でない』,異常な;まれな,珍しい(rare) / 独特の,特有の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/28 14:31:24」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Dysfunctional" redirects here. For other uses, see Dysfunctional (disambiguation).

"Abnormal" redirects here. For the albums, see Abnormal (Bumblefoot album) and Abnormal (Bacil & Rakby album).

Abnormality (or dysfunctional behavior), in the vivid sense of something deviating from the normal or differing from the typical (such as an aberration), is a subjectively defined behavioral characteristic, assigned to those with rare or dysfunctional conditions. Behavior is considered abnormal when it is atypical, out of the ordinary, causes some kind of impairment, or consists of undesirable behavior. Who is normal or abnormal is a contentious issue in abnormal psychology.

Several conventional criteria

There are five main criteria of abnormality. They are 1. statistical criterion 2. social criterion 3. personal discomfort 4. maladaptive behaviour 5. deviation from ideal

• One criterion for "abnormality" that may appear to apply in the case of abnormal behavior is statistical infrequency. This has an obvious flaw — the extremely intelligent are just as abnormal as their opposites. Therefore, individual abnormal behaviors are considered statistically unusual as well as undesirable. The presence of some form of abnormal behavior is not unusual. About one quarter of people in the United States, for example, are believed to meet criteria for a mental disorder in any given year. Mental disorders, by definition, involve unusual or statistically abnormal behaviors.
• A more discerning criterion is distress. A person who is displaying a great deal of depression, anxiety, unhappiness, etc. would be thought of as exhibiting abnormal behavior because their own behavior distresses them. Unfortunately, many people are not aware of their own mental state, and while they may benefit from help, they feel no compulsion to receive it.
• Another criterion is morality. This presents many difficulties, because it would be impossible to agree on a single set of morals for the purposes of diagnosis.
• One criterion commonly referenced is maladaptivity. If a person is behaving in ways counter-productive to their own well-being, it is considered maladaptive. Although more tenable than the above criteria, it does have some shortcomings. For example, moral behavior including dissent and abstinence may be considered maladaptive to some.
• Another criterion that has been suggested is that abnormal behavior violates the standards of society. When people do not follow the conventional social and moral rules of their society, the behavior is considered abnormal. However, the magnitude of the violation and how commonly it is violated by others must be taken into consideration.
• Another proposed feature of abnormal behavior is observer discomfort, that is, it causes discomfort to those who witness it.
• The standard criteria in psychology and psychiatry is that of mental illness or mental disorder. Determination of abnormality is based upon medical diagnosis. This is often criticized for removing control from the 'patient', and being easily manipulated by political or social goals.

• Statistical Infrequency: In this definition of abnormality, statistically rare behaviors are called abnormal. For instance, one may say that an individual of above or below average IQ is abnormal. This definition, however, fails to recognize the desirability of the particular incidence. This definition also implies that the presence of abnormal behavior in people should be rare or statistically unusual, which is not the case. Instead, any specific abnormal behavior may be unusual, but it is not unusual for people to exhibit some form of prolonged abnormal behavior at some point in their lives ¹.

• Deviation from Social Norms defines the departure or deviation of an individual, from society's unwritten rules (norms). For example, if one was to witness a man jumping around, nude, on the streets, the man would be perceived as abnormal, as he has broken society's norms about wearing clothing. There are also a number of criteria for one to examine before reaching a judgment as to whether someone has deviated from society's norms. The first of these criterion being culture; what may be seen as normal in one culture, may be seen as abnormal in another. The second criterion being the situation & context one is placed in; for example, going to the toilet is a normal human act, but going in the middle of a supermarket would be seen as highly abnormal, i.e., defecating or urinating in public is illegal as a misdemeanor act of indecent public conduct. The third criterion is age; a child at the age of three could get away with taking off its clothing in public, but not a man at the age of twenty. The fourth criterion is gender: a male responding with behavior normally reacted to as female, and vice versa, is retaliated against, not just corrected. The fifth criterion is historical context; standards of normal behavior change in some societies, sometimes very rapidly.

• FF: The Failure to Function Adequately definition of abnormality defines whether or not a behavior is abnormal if it is counter-productive to the individual. The main problem with this definition however is that psychologists cannot agree on the boundaries that define what is 'functioning' and what is 'adequately', as some behaviors that can cause 'failure to function' are not seen as bad, for example firemen risking their lives to save people in a blazing fire.

• DIM: Deviation from Ideal Mental health defines abnormality by determining if the behavior the individual is displaying is affecting their mental well-being. As with the Failure to Function definition, the boundaries that stipulate what 'ideal mental health' is are not properly defined, and the bigger problem with the definition is that all individuals at some point in their life deviate from ideal mental health, but it does not mean they are abnormal. I.e., someone who has lost a relative is distressed, but is not defined as abnormal for showing that particular behaviour. On the contrary, there are some indications that some people require assistance to grieve properly ².

A common approach to defining abnormality is a Multi-Criteria approach, where all definitions of abnormality are used to determine whether an individuals behavior is abnormal. For example, if an individual is engaging in a particular behavior that is preventing them from 'functioning', breaks a social norm and is statistically infrequent, then psychologists would be prepared to define this individual's behavior as abnormal. A good example of an abnormal behavior assessed by a multi-criteria approach is depression: it is commonly seen as a deviation from ideal mental stability, it often stops the individual from 'functioning' a normal life, and, though it is a relatively common mental disorder, it is still statistically infrequent. Most people do not experience significant major depressive disorder in their lifetime ³.

See also

• List of abnormal behaviors in animals
• Deviance
• Dysfunctional family
• Eccentricity (behavior)
• Norm (sociology)
• Normalization (sociology)
• Psychopathy
• Social alienation

Notes and references

¹NIMH factsheet on frequency of mental disorders.
²Article on complicated grief.
³Article on results of the National Comorbidity Study

References

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「aberrant」「defect」「unusual」「aberration」「abnormality」
拡張検索	「metabolic abnormality」「abnormal fibrinogen」「periportal abnormal intensity」

「aberrant」

　　[★]

ab 'away, from' + errare 'to stray' -> aberrant 'wandering away'

• adj.

• 正道をはずれた、軌道を逸した。あやまった。(生)異常型の。(医)異所性の、迷入性の

Autosomal dominant dRTA results from mutations involving the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger AE1, the gateway for bicarbonate exit into the blood. Anion exchange by the mutant AE1 is normal, but aberrant targeting of AE1 from the basal to apical plasma membrane is believed to cause bicarbonate loss into the urine instead of recovery.(HIM.1085)

• n.

• 正道をはずれたもの、軌道を逸した人。あやまち。(生)異常型。(医)異所性、迷入性

関

aberrantly、aberration、abnormal、abnormality、abnormally、anomalous、anomalously、anomaly、defect、deviant、dystopia、ectopia、erratic、erratically、extraordinarily、extraordinary、heterotropic、unusual、unusually

　 　 　

「defect」

　　[★]

• n.

• 欠損、欠損症、異常、欠陥、欠点

関

aberrant、aberrantly、aberration、abnormal、abnormality、abnormally、absence、agenesis、anomalous、anomalously、anomaly、defective、deficiency、deficient、deficit、deletion、deletional、deviant、drawback、extraordinarily、extraordinary、fault、flaw、inadequacy、miss、missing、morphological defect、shortcoming、unusual、unusually、weakness

　 　 　 　 　

「unusual」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 普通でない、異常な、並はずれた、聞き慣れない、珍しい、変わった。

it is not unusual for CK levels to remain elevated in the absence of myoglobinuria.(よくある or 珍しいことではない)

関

aberrant, aberrantly, aberration, abnormal, abnormality, abnormally, anomalous, anomalously, anomaly, defect, deviant, extraordinarily, extraordinary, rare, uncommon, unique, unusually

　 　 　

「aberration」

　　[★]

• n.

• 正道を外れること/常道を逸すること。逸脱。異常な性行為。(医)迷錯、精神異常。(生)異常型、かわりもの(sport)

関

aberrant, aberrantly, abnormal, abnormality, abnormally, anomalous, anomalously, anomaly, defect, departure, deviant, deviate, deviation, diverge, escape, extraordinarily, extraordinary, prolapse, unusual, unusually

　 　 　

「abnormality」

　　[★]

• n,

• 異常、異常性。奇形

関

aberrant、aberrantly、aberration、abnormal、abnormally、anomalous、anomalously、anomaly、defect、deformity、deviant、deviation、extraordinarily、extraordinary、malformation、malformed、teratologic、unusual、unusually

　 　 　 　 　

「metabolic abnormality」

　　[★]

• 代謝異常、代謝疾患、代謝異常症、代謝障害、代謝性障害

関

metabolic disease、metabolic disorder

「abnormal fibrinogen」

　　[★]

• 異常フィブリノーゲン、異常フィブリノゲン

「periportal abnormal intensity」

　　[★]

同

PAD　

同

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