escapism

　

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1. 現実逃避[主義]

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/16 07:20:59」(JST)

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Not to be confused with Escapology, the art of escaping physical means of restraint.

For other uses, see Escapism (disambiguation).

King Ludwig II of Bavaria was an escapist who used to "escape" into the world of Wagnerian mythology. A caricature portrays him as Lohengrin

Escapism is mental diversion by means of entertainment or recreation, as an "escape" from the perceived unpleasant or banal aspects of daily life. It can also be used as a term to define the actions people take to help relieve persisting feelings of depression or general sadness.

History

Entire industries have sprung up to foster a growing tendency of people to remove themselves from the rigors of daily life.^{[citation needed]} Many activities that are normal parts of a healthy existence (e.g., eating, sleeping, exercise, sexual activity) can also become avenues of escapism when taken to extremes or out of proper context. In the context of being taken to an extreme, the word "escapism" carries a negative connotation, suggesting that escapists are unhappy, with an inability or unwillingness to connect meaningfully with the world.

However, there are some who challenge the idea that escapism is fundamentally and exclusively negative. For instance, J. R. R. Tolkien, responding to the Anglo-Saxon academic debate on escapism in the 1930s, wrote in his essay "On Fairy-Stories" that escapism had an element of emancipation in its attempt to figure a different reality.^{[citation needed]} C. S. Lewis was also fond of humorously remarking that the usual enemies of escape were jailers.^{[citation needed]} Some social critics warn of attempts by the powers that control society to provide means of escapism instead of actually bettering the condition of the people.^{[citation needed]} Escapist societies appear often in literature. The Time Machine depicts the Eloi, a lackadaisical, insouciant race of the future, and the horror their happy lifestyle belies. The novel subtly criticizes capitalism, or at least classism, as a means of escape. Escapist societies are common in dystopian novels; for example, in Fahrenheit 451 society uses television and "seashell radios" to escape a life with strict regulations and the threat of the forthcoming war. In science fiction media escapism is often depicted as an extension of social evolution, as society becomes detached from physical reality and processing into a virtual one, examples include the virtual world of OZ in 2009 Japanese animated science fiction Summer Wars and the game "Society" in the 2009 American science fiction film Gamer. Drugs cause some forms of escapism which can occur when certain mind altering drugs are taken which make the participant forget the reality of where they are or what they are meant to be doing.

German social philosopher Ernst Bloch wrote that utopias and images of fulfilment, however regressive they might be, also included an impetus for a radical social change. According to Bloch, social justice could not be realized without seeing things fundamentally differently. Something that is mere "daydreaming" or "escapism" from the viewpoint of a technological-rational society might be a seed for a new and more humane social order, as it can be seen as an "immature, but honest substitute for revolution".

The Norwegian psychologist Frode Stenseng has presented a dualistic model of escapism in relation to different types of activity engagements. He discusses the paradox that the flow state (Csikszentmihalyi) resembles psychological states obtainable through actions such as drug abuse, sexual masochism, and suicide ideation (Baumeister). Accordingly, he deduces that the state of escape can have both positive and negative meanings and outcomes. Stenseng argues that there exists two forms of escapism with different affective outcomes dependent on the motivational focus that lays behind the immersion in the activity. Escapism in the form of self-suppression stems from motives to run away from unpleasant thoughts, self-perceptions, and emotions, whereas self-expansion stems from motives to gain positive experiences through the activity and to discover new aspects of self. Stenseng has developed the Escape scale to measure self-suppression and self-expansion in people´s favorite activities, such as sports, arts, and gaming. Empirical investigations of the model have shown that (1) the two dimensions are distinctively different with regards to affective outcomes, (2) that some individuals are more prone to engage through one type of escapism, and (3) that situational levels of well-being affects the type of escapism that becomes dominant at a specific time.

In the 2000s, artist John Ross Palmer was associated in an art movement heavily influenced with themes of escapism.

See also

• Daydream

References

External links

• Ernst Bloch, Utopia and Ideology Critique

English Journal

• Individual differences in motives, preferences, and pathology in video games: the gaming attitudes, motives, and experiences scales (GAMES).

• Hilgard J, Engelhardt CR, Bartholow BD.Author information Social-Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia, MO, USA.AbstractA new measure of individual habits and preferences in video game use is developed in order to better study the risk factors of pathological game use (i.e., excessively frequent or prolonged use, sometimes called "game addiction"). This measure was distributed to internet message boards for game enthusiasts and to college undergraduates. An exploratory factor analysis identified 9 factors: Story, Violent Catharsis, Violent Reward, Social Interaction, Escapism, Loss-Sensitivity, Customization, Grinding, and Autonomy. These factors demonstrated excellent fit in a subsequent confirmatory factor analysis, and, importantly, were found to reliably discriminate between inter-individual game preferences (e.g., Super Mario Brothers as compared to Call of Duty). Moreover, three factors were significantly related to pathological game use: the use of games to escape daily life, the use of games as a social outlet, and positive attitudes toward the steady accumulation of in-game rewards. The current research identifies individual preferences and motives relevant to understanding video game players' evaluations of different games and risk factors for pathological video game use.
• Frontiers in psychology.Front Psychol.2013 Sep 9;4:608. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00608.
• A new measure of individual habits and preferences in video game use is developed in order to better study the risk factors of pathological game use (i.e., excessively frequent or prolonged use, sometimes called "game addiction"). This measure was distributed to internet message boards for game enth
• PMID 24058355

• Escapism Among Players of MMORPGs-Conceptual Clarification, Its Relation to Mental Health Factors, and Development of a New Measure.

• Hagström D, Kaldo V.Author information 1 Department of Psychology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden .AbstractAbstract Previous studies show that the concept of escapism needs to be clarified and that its relation to problematic online gaming and other factors needs further examination. This study uses well-established, basic learning theory to clarify the concept of escapism, and examines its relation to problematic gaming, psychological distress, and satisfaction with life among players of massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). MMORPG players (n=201) answered an online questionnaire where these factors were measured and correlated with a previously developed scale on motivation to play (MTPI), including extra items to cover positive and negative aspects of escapism. Factor analysis and construct validation show that positive aspects of escapism are theoretically and empirically unstable and that escapism is best clarified as purely "negative escapism," corresponding to playing being negatively reinforced as a way of avoiding everyday hassles and distress. Negative escapism had a stronger relationship to symptoms of Internet addiction, psychological distress, and life satisfaction than other variables and other more positive motivations to play. Future studies should use the revised subscale for escapism (in the MTPI-R) presented in the present study, for example when screening for Internet addiction.
• Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking.Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw.2013 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print]
• Abstract Previous studies show that the concept of escapism needs to be clarified and that its relation to problematic online gaming and other factors needs further examination. This study uses well-established, basic learning theory to clarify the concept of escapism, and examines its relation to p
• PMID 24003967

• Collective patient behaviours derailing ART roll-out in KwaZulu-Natal: perspectives of health care providers.

• Michel J, Matlakala C, English R, Lessells R, Newell ML.Author information Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, PO Box 198, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal, 3935, South Africa. jmichel@africacentre.ac.za.AbstractBACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) roll-out is fraught with challenges, many with serious repercussions. We explored and described patient behaviour-related challenges from the perspective of health care providers from non-governmental organisations involved in ART programmes in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
• AIDS research and therapy.AIDS Res Ther.2013 Jul 19;10(1):20. doi: 10.1186/1742-6405-10-20.
• BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) roll-out is fraught with challenges, many with serious repercussions. We explored and described patient behaviour-related challenges from the perspective of health care providers from non-governmental organisations involved in ART programmes in KwaZulu-Natal,
• PMID 23870285

Japanese Journal

• 南九州地方の若年型うつ病患者のレジリエンス

• 南九州地域科学研究所所報 (31), 41-45, 2015
• NAID 120005605094

• 臨床現場における「新型うつ病」について

• 労働安全衛生研究 7(1), 13-21, 2014
• NAID 130004953446

• 薬物乱用に対する薬学生の認識と教育効果の評価

• 医薬品情報学 16(1), 1-9, 2014
• NAID 130004941478

Related Links

• Escapism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Escapism is mental diversion by means of entertainment or recreation, as an " escape" from the perceived unpleasant or banal aspects of daily life. It can also be used as a term to define the actions people take to help relieve persisting feelings ...

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