WordNet

with pain or distress or bitterness; "he took the rejection very hard"
(of light) transmitted directly from a pointed light source (同)concentrated
with firmness; "held hard to the railing" (同)firmly
very strong or vigorous; "strong winds"; "a hard left to the chin"; "a knockout punch"; "a severe blow" (同)knockout, severe
causing great damage or hardship; "industries hit hard by the depression"; "she was severely affected by the banks failure" (同)severely
being distilled rather than fermented; having a high alcoholic content; "hard liquor" (同)strong
unfortunate or hard to bear; "had hard luck"; "a tough break" (同)tough
(of speech sounds); produced with the back of the tongue raised toward or touching the velum; "Russian distinguished between hard consonants and palatalized or soft consonants"
dispassionate; "took a hard look"; "a hard bargainer";
dried out; "hard dry rolls left over from the day before"
earnestly or intently; "thought hard about it"; "stared hard at the accused"
into a solid condition; "concrete that sets hard within a few hours"
resisting weight or pressure
slowly and with difficulty; "prejudices die hard"
to the full extent possible; all the way; "hard alee"; "the ship went hard astern"; "swung the wheel hard left"
very near or close in space or time; "it stands hard by the railroad tracks"; "they were hard on his heels"; "a strike followed hard upon the plants opening"
with effort or force or vigor; "the team played hard"; "worked hard all day"; "pressed hard on the lever"; "hit the ball hard"; "slammed the door hard"
a special situation; "this thing has got to end"; "it is a remarkable thing"
a separate and self-contained entity
an action; "how could you do such a thing?"
an artifact; "how does this thing work?"
an entity that is not named specifically; "I couldnt tell what the thing was"
any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence; "the thing I like about her is ..."
a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion; "he has a thing about seafood"; "she has a thing about him"
a special abstraction; "a thing of the spirit"; "things of the heart"
a special objective; "the thing is to stay in bounds"
a statement regarded as an object; "to say the same thing in other terms"; "how can you say such a thing?"
an event; "a funny thing happened on the way to the..."
provide with an edge; "edge a blade"
a sharp side formed by the intersection of two surfaces of an object; "he rounded the edges of the box"
a slight competitive advantage; "he had an edge on the competition"
the outside limit of an object or area or surface; a place farthest away from the center of something; "the edge of the leaf is wavy"; "she sat on the edge of the bed"; "the waters edge"
the boundary of a surface (同)border
the attribute of urgency in tone of voice; "his voice had an edge to it" (同)sharpness
advance slowly, as if by inches; "He edged towards the car" (同)inch

PrepTutorEJDIC

(物体が)『堅い』,(手触りが)堅固な,しっかりした / 『難しい』,努力を要する / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(人が)『精力的な』,勤勉な / 激しい,猛烈な / (生活などが)耐え難い,つらい / (季節・天候などが)厳しい;(雨・風などが)激しい / (人が)厳格な;(行為などが)容赦しない,無情な / (方針・条件などが)妥協(譲歩)しない,厳しい / (感情が)うらみを含む,憤然とした / (体が)筋肉質の,がんじょうな / (紙幣に対して)硬貨の,(小切手などに対して)現金の;(貨幣が)容易に兌換(だかん)できる / (子音が)硬音の(c,gがcome, goのように[k],[g]と発音される) / アルコール分の多い / (水が)硬質の / (エックス線が)透過能力が大きい / 一生懸命に,『熱心に』 / 『強く』,激しく,大いに / やっと,かろうじて / 『堅く』 / ひどく悲んで / 接近して
〈C〉(形のある)『物』,物体;(生物に対しての)『無生物』 / 〈C〉(形のない)『もの』,事,事柄,でき事 / 《複数形で》事情,事態,状勢,状況 / 《複数形で》(すべての)事物,事柄 / 《通例 the~》(努力・活動などの)目的,目標 / 〈C〉衣服,衣類・《one's things》持ち物,所持品,身の回り品 / 《複数形で》道具,用具・〈C〉《親愛・哀れみ・軽べつなどの感情をこめて》人,者,やつ / 《the~》《話》(…の)流行《+in+名》
〈C〉『縁』,『端』;(峰などの)背 / 〈C〉(刃物の)『刃』;〈U〉(刃の)鋭利さ / 〈U〉(欲望などの)強さ,激しさ / (…で)…‘に'『へり』(『縁』)『をつける』《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'徐々に(注意深く)動かす / 〈ナイフなど〉‘を'研ぐ / 〈声・感覚など〉‘を'研ぎ澄ます / (相手)‘に'小差で勝つ / 横ざまに進む / じりじり進む
《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
《前述の名詞または文脈でそれと分かる名詞に付けて》『その』,あの,名の / 《唯一の事物に付けて》 / 《方角・自然現象に付けて》 / 《用具・楽器・特定の病気などに付けて》 / 《修飾吾[句]を伴う名詞に付けて》 / 《単数普通名詞に付けて》(1)《種族全体》…『というもの』 / 《複数名詞または集合名詞に付けて》 / 《単位》『…につき;…単位[で]』 / 《身体の一部に付けて,所有格に代わる》 / 《形容詞に付けて》 / 《固有名詞に付けて》 / 《強意用法に》『随一の』,典型的な / 《「the+比較級,the+比較級」の形で》『…すればするほどそれだけ』 / 《比較級の前に》(…につれて,のために)『それだけ』,ますます

UpToDate Contents

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1. 頭頸部癌患者における下顎および口蓋再建 mandibular and palatal reconstruction in patients with head and neck cancer
2. 早期（ステージIおよびII）の頭頸部癌の治療：口腔 treatment of early stage i and ii head and neck cancer the oral cavity
3. 後天性上顎欠損のマネージメント：頭頸部癌手術後の補綴学的リハビリテーション management of acquired maxillary defects prosthetic rehabilitation after head and neck cancer surgery
4. 頭頚部癌の診断および病期分類の概要 overview of the diagnosis and staging of head and neck cancer
5. 局所進行性（ステージIIIおよびIV）の頭頸部癌の治療：口腔 treatment of locoregionally advanced stage iii and iv head and neck cancer the oral cavity

English Journal

Islandized mucoperiosteal flaps: A versatile technique for closure of a wide palatal cleft.

Aboul-Wafa AM.
The Canadian journal of plastic surgery = Journal canadien de chirurgie plastique.Can J Plast Surg.2012 Fall;20(3):173-7.
in

English, FrenchHISTORIQUE: On a décrit diverses méthodes chirurgicales pour réparer de larges fentes labio-palatines. Elles sont toutes difficiles à effectuer, mais donnent uniformément de bons résultats. Le lambeau mucopériosté en îlot, la technique décrite dans le présent article

PMID 23997584

Early two-stage double opposing Z-plasty or one-stage push-back palatoplasty?: comparisons in maxillary development and speech outcome at 4 years of age.

Yamanishi T1, Nishio J, Sako M, Kohara H, Hirano Y, Yamanishi Y, Adachi T, Miya S, Mukai T.
Annals of plastic surgery.Ann Plast Surg.2011 Feb;66(2):148-53. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181d6e426.
Determining the optimal timing and procedure of palatal surgery for children with cleft lip and palate has long raised a major controversy. An early two-stage palatoplasty protocol has been a recent trend in an attempt to obtain preferable maxillary growth without compromising adequate speech develo
PMID 21042187

Correction of incomplete cleft palate by u-shaped flap palatoplasty.

Saleh A.
African journal of paediatric surgery : AJPS.Afr J Paediatr Surg.2010 Sep-Dec;7(3):185-7. doi: 10.4103/0189-6725.70423.
OBJECTIVES: During cleft palate repair, velopharyngeal sphincter reconstruction is still a challenge to plastic surgeons. To improve results of surgical treatment of cleft palate and secondary velopharyngeal incompetence, a carefully designed modified procedure for palatoplasty is presented.MATERIAL
PMID 20859027

Japanese Journal

粘膜下口蓋裂症例の診断・治療に関する臨床的検討

佐藤公治,相澤貴子,近藤俊,今村基尊,水谷英樹,飯島由貴,奥本隆行,吉村陽子,堀部晴司,内藤健晴,稲吉則恵
日本口蓋裂学会雑誌 36(1), 1-6, 2011-04-25
藤田保健衛生大学病院口唇口蓋裂センターを受診した粘膜下口蓋裂症例に対し，医療介入効果，治療態度の妥当性評価を目的に後方視的検討を行った。【対象】1992年4月～2008年12月までの粘膜下口蓋裂1次症例50例から，手術，言語獲得に影響したと考えられる合併症を有する14例を除外した36例を対象とした。【方法】軟口蓋正中部で筋層離開のみられるものを粘膜下口蓋裂とし，性別，初診時年齢，主訴，合併症，Ca …
NAID 10030794861

粘膜下口蓋裂の手術方法

松田光悦
小児口腔外科 19(2), 105-109, 2009
… Submucous cleft palate is a subgroup in the cleft palate population with special clinical and anatomic features. …
NAID 130003381600

Velopharyngoplastyを用いた中咽頭癌術後の側壁および上壁再建と術後機能

井上俊哉
口腔・咽頭科 = Stomato-pharyngology 15(3), 301-308, 2003-06-01
… Surgically altering the lateral oropharyngeal wall and soft palate frequently results in velopharyngeal dysfunction.<BR>The soft palate is reconstructed by developing a plane between the prevertebral fascia and superior pharyngeal constrictor in the oropharyngeal resection margin. …
NAID 10011192464