prep.

後で

関: after、afterwards、behind、following、late、post、posterior、subsequent

WordNet

ride Western style and bob up and down in the saddle in rhythm with a horses trotting gait
an upright consisting of a piece of timber or metal fixed firmly in an upright position; "he set a row of posts in the ground and strung barbwire between them"
the delivery and collection of letters and packages; "it came by the first post"; "if you hurry youll catch the post"
a pole or stake set up to mark something (as the start or end of a race track); "a pair of posts marked the goal"; "the corner of the lot was indicated by a stake" (同)stake
the position where someone (as a guard or sentry) stands or is assigned to stand; "a soldier manned the entrance post"; "a sentry station" (同)station
mark or expose as infamous; "She was branded a loose woman" (同)brand
transfer (entries) from one account book to another (同)carry
place so as to be noticed; "post a sign"; "post a warning at the dump" (同)put_up
affix in a public place or for public notice; "post a warning"
assign to a post; put into a post; "The newspaper posted him in Timbuktu"
display, as of records in sports games
enter on a public list
publicize with, or as if with, a poster; "Ill post the news on the bulletin board"
of a later stage in the development of a language or literature; used especially of dead languages; "Late Greek"
later than usual or than expected; "the train arrived late"; "we awoke late"; "the children came late to school"; "notice came so tardily that we almost missed the deadline"; "I belatedly wished her a happy birthday" (同)belatedly, tardily
at or toward an end or late period or stage of development; "the late phase of feudalism"; "a later symptom of the disease"; "later medical science could have saved the child" (同)later
of the immediate past or just previous to the present time; "a late development"; "their late quarrel"; "his recent trip to Africa"; "in recent months"; "a recent issue of the journal" (同)recent
at an advanced age or stage; "she married late"; "undertook the project late in her career"
being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time; "late evening"; "late 18th century"; "a late movie"; "took a late flight"; "had a late breakfast"
having died recently; "her late husband"
remaining in a place or condition that has been left or departed from; "when he died he left much unfinished work behind"; "left a large family behind"; "the children left their books behind"; "he took off with a squeal of tires and left the other cars far behind"
in debt; "he fell behind with his mortgage payments"; "a month behind in the rent"; "a company that has been run behindhand for years"; "in arrears with their utility bills" (同)behindhand, in arrears
of timepieces; "the clock is almost an hour slow"; "my watch is running behind" (同)slow
having the lower score or lagging position in a contest; "behind by two points"; "the 8th inning found the home team trailing"
in or into an inferior position; "fell behind in his studies"; "their business was lagging behind in the competition for customers"
in or to or toward the rear; "he followed behind"; "seen from behind, the house is more imposing than it is from the front"; "the final runners were far behind"
in the desired direction; "a following wind"
a group of followers or enthusiasts (同)followers
immediately following in time or order; "the following day"; "next in line"; "the next president"; "the next item on the list" (同)next
about to be mentioned or specified; "the following items" (同)undermentioned
going or proceeding or coming after in the same direction; "the crowd of following cars made the occasion seem like a parade"; "tried to outrun the following footsteps"
located farther aft
behind or in the rear; "and Jill came tumbling after"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(木・金属・石などの)『柱』,『支柱』,くい / 《the ~》(競馬の)出発標,決勝標 / 〈C〉《話》(ラグビーなどの)ゴールポスト(goalpost) / (柱・壁などに)〈掲示物〉‘を'『張る』,張り出す《+『名』〈掲示物〉+『on』+『名』》;(掲示物を)〈柱・壁など〉‘に'張る《+『名』+『with』+『名』〈掲示物〉》 / (掲示して)…‘を'公表する,公示する / 《通例受動態で》(…として)…‘を'掲示(発表)する《+『名』+『as』+『現分』(過分)》
(兵士・警官・看護婦などの)『部署』,『持ち場』 / (軍隊の)駐屯(ちゅうとん)地,駐留地,兵営地 / (指名・任命された)『地位』,職 / (またtrading post)(未開地などの)交易所 / 〈兵士・警官・看護婦など〉‘を'配置する / 《通例受動態で》《おもに英》(…に)〈人〉‘を'任命する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》
〈U〉《おもに英》『郵便』[制度] / 《おもに英》《単数形で》(郵便物の1回の)『集配』,『配達』,便;(1回で集配・配達される)郵便物(《米》mail) / 《the ~》《おもに英》郵便局(post office);ポスト,郵便箱(《米》mailbox) / 〈C〉(昔,郵便物の中断所にした)駅,宿,宿場 / 《おもに英》〈郵便物〉‘を'郵便局に出す,ポストに入れる(《米》mail)《+『off』+『名』+『,』『名』+『off』》 / 《『post』+『名』〈間〉〈人〉+『名』〈直〉=『post』+『名』+『to』+『名』〈人〉》〈人〉‘に'〈手紙など〉‘を'郵便で送る(《米》mail)
(定刻・通常・予定の時間より)『遅れた』,遅い / (時刻が)『遅い』,遅く始まる,遅くまで続く;夜更けの / (時期が)『遅い』,終りごろの,後期の / 『最近の』,最新の(recent) / 《the~,one's~》『前の』,先の,前任の(former) / 《the~,one's~》『故』…,つい先ごろ死んだ / (定刻などより)『遅れて』,遅く / (時刻が)『遅く』,遅くまで,(特に)夜更けに;(時期が)遅く,終りごろに / 『最近』,近ごろ(recently)
《場所・位置》…『の後ろに』,『の陰に』[隠れて] / 《比喩的に》…の陰に隠されて,の裏に(at the back of) / …を支持して,…に味方して / 《leave,remain,stayなどの動詞と共に用いて》…『の後に』,が去った後に / (定められた時刻)『に遅れて』;(知識・仕事・進歩などが)遅れて / 過ぎ去って,過去に / 《場所・位置》『後ろに』,陰に[隠れて] / 《leave,remain,stayなどの動詞と共に用いて》『後に』 / (定められた時刻に)『遅れて』;(知識・仕事・進歩などが)遅れて / (人の)しり
《the following》(時間・順序において)『次の』,次に来る / 《the following》次に述べる,下記の / 同じ方向に動く / 崇拝者,支持者,門下 / 《the following》《単数・複数扱い》『次に述べるもの』(人・事項),下記のもの
《時・順序》…『の後に』,…後に;…の次に / …『を求めて』,の後を追って / …『の名をとって』,にならって;…ふうに(の) / …のことを心配して,に関して / …『だから』,…の結果 / 《前後に同じ名詞を用いて連続・反復など》 / 《時》…『した後で(に)』,してから / 《順序・時》『後に』,後ろから,後で / 後の,次の
『あとで』,以後,その後

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/24 14:19:19」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Not to be confused with Afterwards or Afterword.

Afterward is a short story by Edith Wharton. It was first published in the 1910 edition of The Century Magazine and in her books, The Collected Short Stories of Edith Wharton and Tales of Men and Ghosts, 1910. It is an ironic ghost story about greed and retribution. The ghost comes for one of the main characters long after a business transgression where the character wronged another.

Summary

Part I

The story begins with Mary in the library of her new home (after Ned goes missing). She is reflecting on the events of the past six months that lead up to her husband’s disappearance. The narrator tells us that Mary is reflecting but does not tell us why; the beginning of the story foreshadows his disappearance.

She recalls a conversation that she and her husband, Ned Boyne, had with their cousin Alida Stair six months earlier. The conversation centered on their search for a house in a southern or southwestern county in England. Alida suggested Lyng in Dorsetshire, after they had turned down several more suitable suggestions. Lyng is old, isolated, and in disrepair and they are attracted to it because of the “charm of having been for centuries a deep dim reservoir of life.^[1]” They only wanted the house if it was haunted. Legend has it that the inhabitants of Lyng don’t know they’ve encountered the ghost until long afterward. Mary reflected on the legend with a new “perception of its significance^[2]” because of her husband’s disappearance.

The Boyne’s were nouveau riche because of a business deal made by Ned and were looking for a place to pursue their dream of a life of leisure. They wanted to sit “in the thick December dusk, by just such a wide-hooded fireplace, under just such black oak rafters, with the sense that beyond the mullioned panes the downs were darkened to a deeper solitude.^[3]”

Mary recalls that her husband seemed withdrawn and worried earlier in the month but she did not question him about it and he did not he reveal why he was upset. As she is reflecting on that day, she recalls an event two months prior, in October, where she had accidentally come across a hidden stairwell that led to a flat ledge on the roof. She remembers that she and Ned climbed the stairs to take in the view and that as they were reveling in the beautiful landscape, a stranger approached. Mary remembers noticing that Ned became perplexed and suddenly fled. At the time of the incident, Mary gave it no more thought because there were various tradesmen coming and going each day working on the house and Ned redirected Mary’s concern with a trip to Meldon Steep. Now, however, she recalls the anxiety that was evident on Ned’s face.

Part II

Mary recalls a day, earlier in December, where she noticed a figure coming up the walk. She thought it was the ghost but it turned out to be her husband (a bit of foreshadowing). She remembers being determined to find out what was bothering Ned and intentionally asking him while they were sitting in the library if he had seen the ghost yet. He replied that he had not. She remembers noticing a change in his demeanor as he opened his mail that evening. He seemed to be relieved of whatever burden he was carrying. She recalls feeling relieved at the change until she opened her mail. Someone sent her a newspaper clipping about the suit that a man named Elwell brought against Ned concerning the Blue Star Mine business deal. When Mary questioned Ned about it, he diffused her queries with “I thought that kind of thing bored you^[4]” and he told her the suit had been withdrawn, but he did not reveal why. Mary remembers feeling a stab of guilt at not taking an interest in her husband’s business affairs.

Part III

She remembers waking up the next day, feeling refreshed at the change in Ned. She reasoned that she did not have to know about his affairs because she trusted him implicitly and decided to work on her garden. She recalls that a stranger approached and inquired about her husband so she directed him to the library to find Ned. She did not give the encounter much thought until later that day after she learns that Ned left with the stranger. She recalls feeling very uneasy with each passing hour because Ned did not return. She remembers going into the library to search for clues to his absence and finding a cryptic note that reads: “My dear Parvis, I have just received your letter announcing Elwell’s death, and while I suppose there is now no further risk of trouble, it might be safer –.^[5]“ Mary disregarded the note at the time but continued to search for clues. She remembers the dread she felt when she realized that Ned left with the stranger.

Part IV

Mary recalls the widespread search by the authorities for Ned. She remembers searching finding the note to Parvis again and contacting him. He did not have any information to impart. Mary remembers feeling the gradual acceptance of her situation, she became “domesticated with the Horror, accepting its perpetual presence as one of the fixed conditions of life.^[6]” She remembers reasoning that “no one would ever know^[7]” what happened to Ned but that “the house knew.^[8]" Mary recalls thinking that the house was “mute accomplice^[9]” in Ned’s disappearance.

Part V

Mary recalls Parvis’ visit and his explanation of the events at the Blue Star Mine. She finally learned about the bad business deal that destroyed Elwell’s life and puts the events together when she sees a picture of Elwell. The legend had come true and she finally realizes that the ghost of Lyng had appeared and taken Ned away.

Analysis

The story is divided into fivme parts and is told as an exploration of the memories of the central character with several instances of foreshadowing. The dynamic plot starts at the end and bounces back and forth throughout time within a six-month period. An unnamed narrator in third person limited omniscience point of view tells the story. There are several conflicts throughout the story, both internal and external, which include: woman against self, woman against another, woman against society, man against self, man against another, man against society.

The focus of the narration is on the central character, Mary Boyne. She is happy to know nothing of her husband’s business affairs until he goes missing. Her mood transforms from happy to worried and then sad by the end of the story. Mary is the wife of Ned. He is a businessman who strikes it rich in the states and moves his wife to England. He is secretive and his mood transforms from happy to forlorn in a matter of three months. The secrets that he keeps from Mary are his downfall.

The setting is on old house name Lyng in Dorsetshire England. The house is in disrepair and the location is remote. The narrator alludes to darkness and history throughout the story, which contributes to the dark and secretive atmosphere.

There is irony in the story. The irony is that they brought the ghost with them. The ghost appears to the house’s inhabitants but they do not realize it until long after the damage is done. The Boyne’s bought the house because of the ghost and the ghost took Ned away, in effect wrecking their idyllic life.

Gothic Elements

The story falls under the American Gothic style because it addresses several Gothic tropes. It addresses a supernatural subject matter, it explores the uncanny and domestic abjection, the setting is in disrepair and there is mention of darkness and shadows throughout, the past rears its ugly head, there are repressed/denied secrets, and the architectural setting deals with hidden passages. The story also deals with the Gothic themes of: punishment/retribution, terror/horror, futility, despair, loss of hope, brutal realities and oppositions within the same character.

In Lloyd-Smith's Book, American Gothic Fiction, the uncanny is explained as "a strangeness within the familiar, 'everything that ought to have remained . . . secret and hidden but has come to light. (p.75-76)'" The uncanny is represented in this story by the past that comes back the haunt the couple, the ghost who comes to take Ned away. Domestic abjection s explained as "that which is opposed to I" on page 97 in Lloyd-Smith's American Gothic Fiction and is represented by Mary’s feelings of terror when she discovers Ned missing and her feelings of horror when she discovers how he went missing and her realization that the “house knew^[10]” what happened.

Adaptations

“Afterward” is the fourth episode of the short film DVD series Shades of Darkness – Six Mysterious Tales of Paranormal. The plot retells the story making Mary and Ned Boyne a young newlywed couple who buy a house is the south of England that is haunted and they regret it. (http://www.amazon.com/Shades-Darkness-Mysterious-Tales-Paranormal/dp/B000IHYXKS)

There is an audio book version of “Afterward” available on Librivox. Each chapter is read and recorded by volunteers across America. (http://librivox.org/afterward-by-edith-wharton/)

External links

A critical review of the story can be found at: (http://www.jimandellen.org/gothic/Ghost.WhartonAfterward.html) and (http://www.scribblingwomen.org/ewafterward.htm) login required.

Complete text can be found at: (http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/Afte.shtml) and (http://gaslight.mtroyal.ca/afterwrd.htm)

Notes and references

Oates, Joyce Carol, American Gothic Tales, (Plume, December 1996)

^ Oates, p.131
^ Oates, p.129
^ Oates, p.131
^ Oates, p.139
^ Oates, p.146-147
^ Oates, p.150
^ Oates, p.150
^ Oates, p.150
^ Oates, p.151
^ Oates, p.150

Lloyd-Smith, Alan, American Gothic Fiction, (Continuum, 2004)

http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed-new?id=WhaAfte&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed
http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/wharton/edithwhartonstories.htm

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