following

• adj.

• 次の、後の、下記の

関

after、afterward、afterwards、behind、below-mentioned、late、mentioned below、next、post、posterior、subsequent

　 　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. in the desired direction; "a following wind"
2. a group of followers or enthusiasts (同)followers
3. immediately following in time or order; "the following day"; "next in line"; "the next president"; "the next item on the list" (同)next
4. about to be mentioned or specified; "the following items" (同)undermentioned
5. going or proceeding or coming after in the same direction; "the crowd of following cars made the occasion seem like a parade"; "tried to outrun the following footsteps"
6. ride Western style and bob up and down in the saddle in rhythm with a horses trotting gait
7. an upright consisting of a piece of timber or metal fixed firmly in an upright position; "he set a row of posts in the ground and strung barbwire between them"
8. the delivery and collection of letters and packages; "it came by the first post"; "if you hurry youll catch the post"
9. a pole or stake set up to mark something (as the start or end of a race track); "a pair of posts marked the goal"; "the corner of the lot was indicated by a stake" (同)stake
10. the position where someone (as a guard or sentry) stands or is assigned to stand; "a soldier manned the entrance post"; "a sentry station" (同)station
11. mark or expose as infamous; "She was branded a loose woman" (同)brand
12. transfer (entries) from one account book to another (同)carry
13. place so as to be noticed; "post a sign"; "post a warning at the dump" (同)put_up
14. affix in a public place or for public notice; "post a warning"
15. assign to a post; put into a post; "The newspaper posted him in Timbuktu"
16. display, as of records in sports games
17. enter on a public list
18. publicize with, or as if with, a poster; "Ill post the news on the bulletin board"
19. of a later stage in the development of a language or literature; used especially of dead languages; "Late Greek"
20. later than usual or than expected; "the train arrived late"; "we awoke late"; "the children came late to school"; "notice came so tardily that we almost missed the deadline"; "I belatedly wished her a happy birthday" (同)belatedly, tardily
21. at or toward an end or late period or stage of development; "the late phase of feudalism"; "a later symptom of the disease"; "later medical science could have saved the child" (同)later
22. of the immediate past or just previous to the present time; "a late development"; "their late quarrel"; "his recent trip to Africa"; "in recent months"; "a recent issue of the journal" (同)recent
23. at an advanced age or stage; "she married late"; "undertook the project late in her career"
24. being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time; "late evening"; "late 18th century"; "a late movie"; "took a late flight"; "had a late breakfast"
25. having died recently; "her late husband"
26. remaining in a place or condition that has been left or departed from; "when he died he left much unfinished work behind"; "left a large family behind"; "the children left their books behind"; "he took off with a squeal of tires and left the other cars far behind"
27. in debt; "he fell behind with his mortgage payments"; "a month behind in the rent"; "a company that has been run behindhand for years"; "in arrears with their utility bills" (同)behindhand, in arrears
28. of timepieces; "the clock is almost an hour slow"; "my watch is running behind" (同)slow
29. having the lower score or lagging position in a contest; "behind by two points"; "the 8th inning found the home team trailing"
30. in or into an inferior position; "fell behind in his studies"; "their business was lagging behind in the competition for customers"
31. in or to or toward the rear; "he followed behind"; "seen from behind, the house is more imposing than it is from the front"; "the final runners were far behind"
32. located farther aft
33. behind or in the rear; "and Jill came tumbling after"
34. located at or near or behind a part or near the end of a structure

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 《the following》(時間・順序において)『次の』,次に来る / 《the following》次に述べる,下記の / 同じ方向に動く / 崇拝者,支持者,門下 / 《the following》《単数・複数扱い》『次に述べるもの』(人・事項),下記のもの
2. 〈C〉(木・金属・石などの)『柱』,『支柱』,くい / 《the ~》(競馬の)出発標,決勝標 / 〈C〉《話》(ラグビーなどの)ゴールポスト(goalpost) / (柱・壁などに)〈掲示物〉‘を'『張る』,張り出す《+『名』〈掲示物〉+『on』+『名』》;(掲示物を)〈柱・壁など〉‘に'張る《+『名』+『with』+『名』〈掲示物〉》 / (掲示して)…‘を'公表する,公示する / 《通例受動態で》(…として)…‘を'掲示(発表)する《+『名』+『as』+『現分』(過分)》
3. (兵士・警官・看護婦などの)『部署』,『持ち場』 / (軍隊の)駐屯(ちゅうとん)地,駐留地,兵営地 / (指名・任命された)『地位』,職 / (またtrading post)(未開地などの)交易所 / 〈兵士・警官・看護婦など〉‘を'配置する / 《通例受動態で》《おもに英》(…に)〈人〉‘を'任命する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》
4. 〈U〉《おもに英》『郵便』[制度] / 《おもに英》《単数形で》(郵便物の1回の)『集配』,『配達』,便;(1回で集配・配達される)郵便物(《米》mail) / 《the ~》《おもに英》郵便局(post office);ポスト,郵便箱(《米》mailbox) / 〈C〉(昔,郵便物の中断所にした)駅,宿,宿場 / 《おもに英》〈郵便物〉‘を'郵便局に出す,ポストに入れる(《米》mail)《+『off』+『名』+『,』『名』+『off』》 / 《『post』+『名』〈間〉〈人〉+『名』〈直〉=『post』+『名』+『to』+『名』〈人〉》〈人〉‘に'〈手紙など〉‘を'郵便で送る(《米》mail)
5. (定刻・通常・予定の時間より)『遅れた』,遅い / (時刻が)『遅い』,遅く始まる,遅くまで続く;夜更けの / (時期が)『遅い』,終りごろの,後期の / 『最近の』,最新の(recent) / 《the~,one's~》『前の』,先の,前任の(former) / 《the~,one's~》『故』…,つい先ごろ死んだ / (定刻などより)『遅れて』,遅く / (時刻が)『遅く』,遅くまで,(特に)夜更けに;(時期が)遅く,終りごろに / 『最近』,近ごろ(recently)
6. 《場所・位置》…『の後ろに』,『の陰に』[隠れて] / 《比喩的に》…の陰に隠されて,の裏に(at the back of) / …を支持して,…に味方して / 《leave,remain,stayなどの動詞と共に用いて》…『の後に』,が去った後に / (定められた時刻)『に遅れて』;(知識・仕事・進歩などが)遅れて / 過ぎ去って,過去に / 《場所・位置》『後ろに』,陰に[隠れて] / 《leave,remain,stayなどの動詞と共に用いて》『後に』 / (定められた時刻に)『遅れて』;(知識・仕事・進歩などが)遅れて / (人の)しり
7. 《時・順序》…『の後に』,…後に;…の次に / …『を求めて』,の後を追って / …『の名をとって』,にならって;…ふうに(の) / …のことを心配して,に関して / …『だから』,…の結果 / 《前後に同じ名詞を用いて連続・反復など》 / 《時》…『した後で(に)』,してから / 《順序・時》『後に』,後ろから,後で / 後の,次の
8. 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(生物学的に,位置が)後ろの,後部の / (時間・順序が)後の;(…より)後の《+『to』+『名』》(later) / しり(buttocks)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/29 07:42:46」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Following (disambiguation).

Following
Film poster
Directed by	Christopher Nolan
Produced by	Christopher Nolan Emma Thomas Jeremy Theobald
Written by	Christopher Nolan
Starring	Jeremy Theobald Alex Haw Lucy Russell John Nolan
Music by	David Julyan
Cinematography	Christopher Nolan
Editing by	Gareth Heal Christopher Nolan
Studio	Next Wave Films Syncopy Inc.
Distributed by	Zeitgeist Films (US) Momentum Pictures (UK)
Release dates	12 September 1998 (Toronto International Film Festival) 2 April 1999 (New York City) 5 November 1999 (UK)
Running time	70 minutes
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Budget	$6,000
Box office	$240,495

Following is a 1998 British neo-noir drama thriller film written and directed by Christopher Nolan. It tells the story of a young man who follows strangers around the streets of London and is drawn into a criminal underworld when he fails to keep his distance.

As Christopher Nolan's debut feature, it was designed to be as inexpensive as possible to make: scenes were heavily rehearsed so that just one or two takes were needed, thus economising on 16 mm film stock, the production's greatest expense, and for which Nolan was paying from his salary. Without expensive professional lighting equipment, Nolan mostly used available light. Apart from providing the script and direction, Nolan also did the photography, editing and production himself.

Plot

A struggling, unemployed young writer (credited as "The Young Man") takes to following strangers around the streets of London, ostensibly to find inspiration for his first novel. Initially, he sets strict rules for himself regarding whom he should follow and for how long, but he soon discards them as he focuses on a well-groomed, handsome man in a dark suit. The man in the suit, having noticed he is being followed, quickly confronts the Young Man and introduces himself as "Cobb". Cobb reveals that he is a serial burglar and invites the Young Man (who tells Cobb his name is "Bill") to accompany him on various burglaries. The material gains from these crimes seem to be of secondary importance to Cobb. He takes pleasure in rifling through the personal items in his targets' flats and drinking their wine. He explains that his true passion is using the shock of robbery and violation of property to make his victims re-examine their lives. He sums up his attitude thus: "You take it away, and show them what they had."

The Young Man is thrilled by Cobb's lifestyle. He attempts break-ins of his own, as Cobb encourages and guides him. At Cobb's suggestion, he alters his appearance, cutting his hair short and wearing a dark suit. He assumes the name "Daniel Lloyd" based on the credit card Cobb gives to him and begins to pursue a relationship with a blonde woman whose flat he and Cobb burgled. The Blonde turns out to be the girlfriend of a small-time gangster (known only as the "Bald Guy") whom she broke up with after he murdered a man in her flat. Soon, the Blonde confides that the Bald Guy is blackmailing her with incriminating photographs. The Young Man breaks into the Bald Guy's safe, but is caught in the act by an unidentified man. He then bludgeons the man with a claw hammer and flees with the Bald Guy's money and photos. Upon returning to his flat, he finds that the photos are innocuous modeling shots.

Confronting the Blonde, the Young Man learns that she and Cobb have been working together to manipulate him into mimicking Cobb's burglary methods. She tells him that Cobb had recently discovered a murdered woman's body during one of his burglaries and is attempting to deflect suspicion from himself by making it appear as though multiple burglars share his MO.

The Young Man leaves to turn himself in to the police. The Blonde reports her success to Cobb, who then reveals that he actually works for the Bald Guy. The story about the murdered woman was part of a plot to deceive both the Blonde and the Young Man: The Blonde has been blackmailing the Bald Guy with evidence from the murder he committed in her flat, and he wants her murdered in such a way that it cannot be connected to him. Cobb bludgeons the Blonde to death with the same claw hammer that the Young Man used during the burglary of the Bald Guy's safe and leaves it at the scene. The police, checking out the Young Man's story, find the Blonde murdered and the claw hammer with his fingerprints on it. The Young Man is thus implicated for the murder of the blonde woman. Cobb, meanwhile, vanishes into a crowd.

Cast

• Jeremy Theobald as The Young Man [Bill / Daniel ("Danny") Lloyd]
• Alex Haw as Cobb
• Lucy Russell as The Blonde
• John Nolan as The Policeman
• Dick Bradsell as The Bald Guy
• Gillian El-Kadi as Home Owner
• Jennifer Angel as Waitress
• Nicolas Carlotti as Barman
• Darren Ormandy as Accountant
• Guy Greenway as Heavy #1
• Tassos Stevens as Heavy #2
• Tristan Martin as Man at Bar
• Rebecca James as Woman at Bar
• Paul Mason as Home Owner's Friend
• David Bovill as Home Owner's Husband

Production

Following was written, directed, filmed, and co-produced by Christopher Nolan. It was filmed in London, on black-and-white 16mm film stock. Nolan used a non-linear plot structure for the film, a device he again used in Memento, Batman Begins and The Prestige. This type of storytelling, he says, reflected the audience's inherent uncertainty about characters in film noir:

“

In a compelling story of this genre we are continually being asked to rethink our assessment of the relationship between the various characters, and I decided to structure my story in such a way as to emphasize the audience's incomplete understanding of each new scene as it is first presented.

”

Following was written and planned to be as inexpensive to produce as possible, but Nolan has described the production of Following as "extreme", even for a low-budget shoot. With little money, limited equipment, and a cast and crew who were all in full-time employment on weekdays, the production took a full year to complete.

To conserve expensive film stock, every scene in the film was rehearsed extensively to ensure that the first or second take could be used in the final edit. Filming took place on Saturdays for three or four months, Nolan shot about fifteen minutes of footage each day. This time frame also moderated the cost of film-stock and allowed him to pay for it out of his salary. For the most part, Nolan filmed without professional film lighting equipment, largely employing available light. This was made easier by the decision to use 16 mm black and white film. He also used the homes of his friends and family as locations.

Reception

Following received generally positive reviews. Its aggregate review score from Rotten Tomatoes is 79%.

Los Angeles Times reviewer Kevin Thomas was particularly impressed with the film, saying that it was a "taut and ingenious neo-noir" and that "as a psychological mystery it plays persuasively if not profoundly. Nolan relishes the sheer nastiness he keeps stirred up, unabated for 70 minutes." The New Yorker wrote that Following echoed Hitchcock classics, but was "leaner and meaner".TV Guide called it "short, sharp and tough as nails", praising its fast-paced storytelling and 'tricky, triple-tiered flashback structure'. David Thompson of Sight and Sound commented that "Nolan shows a natural talent for a fluent handheld aesthetic."

However, Tony Rayns felt that the film's climax was uninspired, saying that "the generic pay off is a little disappointing after the edgy, character based scenes of exposition". Empire's Trevor Lewis questioned the skill of the film's inexperienced cast, saying that they "lack the dramatic ballast to compensate for [Nolan's] erratic plot elisions." In contrast, David Thompson was of the opinion that the "unfamiliar cast acquit themselves well in a simple naturalistic style."

Following has since been recognized as one of the most notable no-budget films of its time.

Accolades

Following won several awards during its festival run, including the Tiger Award at the Rotterdam International Film Festival and the "Best First Feature" prize at the San Francisco International Film Festival, among others.

Release

A Blu-ray restoration of the film with a new 5.1 sound mix was released by Criterion on 11 December 2012.

References

External links

• Official Facebook page
• Following at the Internet Movie Database
• Following at allmovie

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 突然の心停止の予後および転帰 prognosis and outcomes following sudden cardiac arrest
• 2. 結石除去後の残存結石片の臨床的意義 clinical significance of residual stone fragments following stone removal
• 3. 経膣メッシュ曝露と骨盤手術後の疼痛のマネージメント management of transvaginal mesh exposure and pain following pelvic surgery
• 4. 初回治療後の精巣胚細胞腫瘍に対する外科的アプローチ approach to surgery following primary treatment for advanced testicular germ cell tumors
• 5. 植え込み型除細動器：合併症 implantable cardioverter defibrillators complications

English Journal

• Development of a mouse model for sulfur mustard-induced ocular injury and long-term clinical analysis of injury progression.

• Ruff AL, Jarecke AJ, Hilber DJ, Rothwell CC, Beach SL, Dillman JF 3rd.SourceUSAMRICD, Cellular and Molecular Biology , Gunpowder , USA.
• Cutaneous and ocular toxicology.Cutan Ocul Toxicol.2013 Jun;32(2):140-9. doi: 10.3109/15569527.2012.731666. Epub 2012 Oct 30.
• Context: Sulfur mustard (SM) is a highly reactive vesicating agent that can induce severe ocular injury. The clinical features of this injury have been well documented, but the molecular basis for this pathology is not well understood. Identification and validation of specific targets is necessary i
• PMID 23106216

• Endothelial cell damage following sulfur mustard exposure in rabbits and its association with the delayed-onset ocular lesions.

• Kadar T, Cohen M, Cohen L, Fishbine E, Sahar R, Brandeis R, Dachir S, Amir A.SourceDepartment of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona , Israel.
• Cutaneous and ocular toxicology.Cutan Ocul Toxicol.2013 Jun;32(2):115-23. doi: 10.3109/15569527.2012.717571. Epub 2012 Oct 30.
• Objective: Ocular injuries following exposure to the toxic agent sulfur mustard (SM) are characterized by acute corneal erosions and inflammation of the anterior segment that may be followed by delayed corneal injuries, expressed clinically by neovascularization and epithelial defects. The present s
• PMID 23106194

• Detection of trace metal in distilled alcoholic drinks.

• Ly SY, Yoo HS, Chun SK.SourceBiosensor Research Institute, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 172, gongreung 2-dong Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, South Korea.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Apr 15;137(1-4):168-71. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.018. Epub 2012 Oct 26.
• The presence of trace metal cadmium assay was investigated with a copper immobilized on a graphite carbon electrode (GPC), the modified property of which was determined with handheld voltammetric systems. Following the determination of the analytical stripping conditions of 0.45V amplitude, 30Hz fre
• PMID 23200006

• Determination of mercury in rice by MSFIA and cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry.

• da Silva DG, Portugal LA, Serra AM, Ferreira SL, Cerdà V.SourceGroup of Analytical Chemistry, Automation and Environment, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Grupo de Pesquisa em Química e Quimiometria, Salvador, Bahia 40170-290, Brasil.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Apr 15;137(1-4):159-63. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.019. Epub 2012 Oct 26.
• In the present paper the use of a MSFIA system for determination of mercury in rice by cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CV AFS) is proposed. The sample digestion is performed in a microwave oven using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The experimental conditions for vapour generation w
• PMID 23200004

Japanese Journal

• 外国語における学習動機：大学初年次の第一・第二外国語学習に焦点を当てて

• 東京女子大学言語文化研究 24, 67-81, 20160301-00-00
• NAID 120005759496

• スピーチレベルシフトに関する研究：親しい先輩・後輩の会話をもとに

• 東京女子大学言語文化研究 24, 36-50, 20160301-00-00
• NAID 120005759494

• 「かわいい」の意味について

• 東京女子大学言語文化研究 24, 21-35, 20160301-00-00
• NAID 120005759493

• Macroecological patterns of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission across the health areas of Panamá (1980–2012)

• Parasite Epidemiology and Control 1(2), 42-55, 2016-06
• NAID 120005740468

Related Links

• followingの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

following 【名】 〈集合的に〉随員、追随者、支持者、ファン、愛好者 通例a fo... - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

• "following XXX"と"the following XXX"の違い -"following XXX"と ...

"following XXX"と"the following XXX"の違いですが、グーグルで検索してみたところ"the"がつくほうが圧倒的に数が多くヒットします。しかし、"the"がつく、つかないの差が何なのかわかりません。自分てきには「以下の」とか「下記 ...

• the followingの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

accomplish the following goal 次のような目標を達成する - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「late」「後」「post」「posterior」「behind」
拡張検索	「following therapy」「nephropathy following bone marrow transplantation」「folic acid deficiency following gastric surgery」

「late」

　　[★]

• adv.

• (比較級later-最上級latest)遅い、遅発の、遅発型の、晩発の、後の、後期の

関

after、afterward、afterwards、anaphase、behind、delayed、following、late-stage、post、posterior、slow、subsequent

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「後」

　　[★]

英

after、following、subsequent、late、posterior、behind、afterward、afterwards、post

関

下記、後期、後方、後側、遅発、遅発型、次、晩発、引き続く、ポスト、遅い

「post」

　　[★]

• comb form.

• ポスト、後

• v.

• ポストする

関

after、afterward、afterwards、behind、following、late、posterior、subsequent

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「posterior」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 後側の、後方の、後の

関

after、afterward、afterwards、backward、behind、following、late、post、posteriorly、subsequent

　 　

「behind」

　　[★]

• adv.

• 後に

関

after、afterward、afterwards、following、late、post、posterior、subsequent

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「following therapy」

　　[★]

• 治療後に

関

posttreatment

「nephropathy following bone marrow transplantation」

　　[★] 骨髄移植に伴う腎障害

「folic acid deficiency following gastric surgery」

　　[★] 胃切除後葉酸欠乏症