n.

集団、集合、人口、人種、(統計)母集団、個体群、ポピュレーション

関: aggregation、assemblage、assemble、assembly、cluster、collective、come together、convergence、general population、group、mass、populate、race、racial

WordNet

the number of inhabitants (either the total number or the number of a particular race or class) in a given place (country or city etc.); "people come and go, but the population of this town has remained approximately constant for the past decade"; "the African-American population of Salt Lake City has been increasing"
the act of populating (causing to live in a place); "he deplored the population of colonies with convicted criminals"
(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn; "it is an estimate of the mean of the population" (同)universe
a group of organisms of the same species inhabiting a given area; "they hired hunters to keep down the deer population"
the people who inhabit a territory or state; "the population seemed to be well fed and clothed"
join together into a mass or collect or form a mass; "Crowds were massing outside the palace"
the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field
a body of matter without definite shape; "a huge ice mass"
an ill-structured collection of similar things (objects or people)
the social act of assembling; "they demanded the right of assembly" (同)assemblage, gathering
a group of machine parts that fit together to form a self-contained unit
a unit consisting of components that have been fitted together
a group of persons who are gathered together for a common purpose
come together as in a cluster or flock; "The poets constellate in this town every summer" (同)constellate, flock, clump
the act of converging (coming closer) (同)converging, convergency
the approach of an infinite series to a finite limit (同)convergency
the occurrence of two or more things coming together
to work as fast as possible towards a goal, sometimes in competition with others; "We are racing to find a cure for AIDS"
a contest of speed; "the race is to the swift"
any competition; "the race for the presidency"
people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock; "some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings"
compete in a race; "he is running the Marathon this year"; "lets race and see who gets there first" (同)run
cause to move fast or to rush or race; "The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze" (同)rush
arrange into a group or groups; "Can you group these shapes together?"
(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule (同)radical, chemical group
any number of entities (members) considered as a unit (同)grouping
a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse (同)mathematical group
form a group or group together (同)aggroup
create by putting components or members together; "She pieced a quilt"; "He tacked together some verses"; "They set up a committee" (同)piece, put together, set_up, tack, tack together
get people together; "assemble your colleagues"; "get together all those who are interested in the project"; "gather the close family members" (同)gather, get together
fill with inhabitants; "populate the forest with deer and wild boar for hunting"
inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of; "People lived in Africa millions of years ago"; "The people inhabited the islands that are now deserted"; "this kind of fish dwells near the bottom of the ocean"; "deer are populating the woods" (同)dwell, live, inhabit

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『人口』,住民の数 / 《the~》《集合的に》(一定地域の)『全体民』 / 《the~》(特定階層の)人々,連中 / 〈U〉〈C〉(一定の区域内にいる)動植物の個体数
〈C〉(一定の形をもたない物に用いて)…の)『固まり』,集まり《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉『多数』,多量(の…)《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《the ~》『大部分』(の…),(…の)主要部《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(物体の)大きさ,かさ / 《the masses》『一般大衆』,庶民 / 〈U〉質量(物体の基本的性質を表す量) / 〈人・物〉‘を'集める,一団にする / 〈人・物が〉一かたまりになる,一団となる / 大衆の,一般に付及した / 大規模な
〈C〉(特定の目的をもった)『集会』,『会合』,会議 / 《A-》(米国州議会の)下院 / 〈U〉(機械の)組立て;〈C〉組立て部品
(花・果実などの)『ふさ』《+『of』+『名』》 / (密集した人・動物・物などの)『集団』,群れ(group)《+『of』+『名』》 / (…の回りに)『群がる』;群生する《+『together around』(『round』)+『名』》
1点に集まること;〈C〉1点に集まった箇所
競走,レース;競技会,(特に)競馬 / (一般に)競争;(…を得るための)競争《+『for』+『名』》 / 水の速い流れ,急流,早瀬;(水車などの)水路 / 《おもに文》(事件・話などの)進行;(太陽・月の)運行;)時の)経過;人生の行路 / (…と)『競走する』《+『with』(『against』)+『名』》,(…のために)『競争する』《+『for』+『名』》 / 《方向などの副詞[句]を伴って》疾走する,急ぐ / 〈機械などが〉高速で作動する,〈エンジンなどが〉空転する / …と『競走する』 / (…と)…‘を'『競走させる』,全速力で走らせる《+『名』+『against』+『名』》 / 〈機械など〉‘を'高速で作動させる,〈エンジンなど〉‘を'空転させる
〈C〉『人種』;『民族』 / 〈C〉《修飾語[句]を伴って》(動植物の)『種類』,品種;《the ~》人類 / 〈C〉(祖先・歴史・国籍・言語・風俗などが同じの)民族,同族 / 〈U〉血統,家系 / 〈C〉同類;(…の)仲間《+『of』+『名』》
(…の)『群れ』,集まり,小集団《+of+名》 / (主義・系統・種類などを同じくする人・物の)『派』,『団体』 / (ポミュラーソング歌手の)グループ / (動・植物分類上の)群;(化学の)基,原子団;(地質学上の)界;(数学の)群;(言語学上の)語派 / …‘を'一群に集める,一団にする《+『名』+『together』》 / (系統的に)…‘を'分類する,調和よく配合する《+『名』+『together』》 / 集まる,群(集団)をなす
(ある目的で)〈人・物〉'を'『集める』,集合させる / (部品を集めて)〈機械など〉'を'『組み立てる』 / …'を'整とんする,きちんと並べる / (人が)集まる,会合する(meet)
(植民のために)…‘に'人を移住させる,植民する / 《しばしば受動態で》〈ある所〉‘に'住む

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/25 06:32:22」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

The distribution of human world population in 1994

Key

A population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.^[1]^[2]

In ecology, the population of a certain species in a certain area is estimated using the Lincoln Index. The area that is used to define a sexual population is defined as the area where inter-breeding is potentially possible between any pair within the area. The probability of interbreeding is greater than the probability of cross-breeding with individuals from other areas. Under normal conditions, breeding is substantially more common within the area than across the border.^[3]

In sociology, population refers to a collection of humans. Demography is a social science which entails the statistical study of human populations. This article refers mainly to human population.

Population genetics (ecology)

In population genetics a sexual population is a set of organisms in which any pair of members can breed together. This means that they can regularly exchange gametes to produce normally-fertile offspring, and such a breeding group is also known therefore as a gamodeme. This also implies that all members belong to the same of species, such as humans.^[4] If the gamodeme is very large (theoretically, approaching infinity), and all gene alleles are uniformly distributed by the gametes within it, the gamodeme is said to be panmictic. Under this state, allele (gamete) frequencies can be converted to genotype (zygote) frequencies by expanding an appropriate quadratic equation, as shown by Sir Ronald Fisher in his establishment of quantitative genetics.^[5]

This seldom occurs in nature : localisation of gamete exchange – through dispersal limitations, or preferential mating, or cataclysm, or other cause – may lead to small actual gamodemes which exchange gametes reasonably uniformly within themselves, but are virtually separated from their neighbouring gamodemes. However, there may be low frequencies of exchange with these neighbours. This may be viewed as the breaking up of a large sexual population(panmictic)into smaller overlapping sexual populations. This failure of panmixia leads to two important changes in overall population structure: (1).the component gamodemes vary (through gamete sampling) in their allele frequencies when compared with each other and with the theoretical panmictic original (this is known as dispersion, and its details can be estimated using expansion of an appropriate binomial equation); and (2). the level of homozygosity rises in the entire collection of gamodemes. The overall rise in homozygosity is quantified by the inbreeding coefficient (f or φ). Note that all homozygotes are increased in frequency – both the deleterious and the desirable! The mean phenotype of the gamodemes collection is lower than that of the panmictic "original" – which is known as inbreeding depression. It is most important to note, however, that some dispersion lines will be superior to the panmictic original, while some will be about the same, and some will be inferior. The probabilities of each can be estimated from those binomial equations. In plant and animal breeding, procedures have been developed which deliberately utilise the effects of dispersion (such as line breeding, pure-line breeding, back-crossing). It can be shown that dispersion-assisted selection leads to the greatest genetic advance (ΔG = change in the phenotypic mean), and is much more powerful than selection acting without attendant dispersion. This is so for both allogamous (random fertilization)^[6] and autogamous (self-fertilization) gamodemes^[7]

World human population

As of today's date, the world population is estimated by the United States Census Bureau to be 7.266 billion/7266 million.^[8] The US Census Bureau estimates the 7 US billion/7000 million number was surpassed on 12 March 2012. According to a separate estimate by the United Nations, Earth’s population exceeded seven US billion in October 2011, a milestone that offers unprecedented challenges and opportunities to all of humanity, according to UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund.^[9]

According to papers published by the United States Census Bureau,the world population hit 6.5 US billion/6500 million on 24 February 2006. The United Nations Population Fund designated 12 October 1999 as the approximate day on which world population reached 6 US billion/6000 million. This was about 12 years after world population reached 5 US billion/5000 million in 1987, and 6 years after world population reached 5.5 US billion/5500 million in 1993. The population of some^[which?] countries, such as Nigeria, is not even known to the nearest million,^[10] so there is a considerable margin of error in such estimates.^[11]

Researcher Carl Haub calculated that a total of over 100 US billion/100 000 million people have probably been born in the last 2000 years.^[12]

Predicted growth and decline

The years taken for every billion people to be added to the world's population, and the years that population was reached. (with future estimates). See also http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_population_growth_-_time_between_each_billion-person_growth--MKII.jpg alt. chart

Population growth increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace from 1700 onwards.^[13] The last 50 years have seen a yet more rapid increase in the rate of population growth^[13] due to medical advances and substantial increases in agricultural productivity, particularly beginning in the 1960s,^[14] made by the Green Revolution.^[15] In 2007 the United Nations Population Division projected that the world's population will likely surpass 10 billion in 2055.^[16]

In the future, the world's population is expected to peak,^[17] after which it will decline due to economic reasons, health concerns, land exhaustion and environmental hazards. According to one report, it is very likely that the world's population will stop growing before the end of the 21st century. Further, there is some likelihood that population will actually decline before 2100.^[18]^[19] Population has already declined in the last decade or two in Eastern Europe, the Baltics and in the Commonwealth of Independent States.^[20]

The population pattern of less-developed regions of the world in recent years has been marked by gradually declining birth rates. These followed an earlier sharp reduction in death rates.^[21] This transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates is often referred to as the demographic transition.^[21]

Control

Human population control is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, human population control has been implemented with the goal of increasing the rate of population growth. In the period from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about global population growth and its effects on poverty, environmental degradation and political stability led to efforts to reduce population growth rates. While population control can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction, a few programmes, most notably the Chinese government's one-child per family policy, have resorted to coercive measures.

In the 1970s, tension grew between population control advocates and women's health activists who advanced women's reproductive rights as part of a human rights-based approach.^[22] Growing opposition to the narrow population control focus led to a significant change in population control policies in the early 1980s.^[23]

References

^ "Population". Biology Online. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
^ "Definition of population (biology)". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 December 2012. a community of animals, plants, or humans among whose members interbreeding occurs
^ Hartl, Daniel (2007). Principles of Population Genetics. Sinauer Associates. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-87893-308-2.
^ Hartl, Daniel (2007). Principles of Population Genetics. Sinauer Associates. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-87893-308-2.
^ Fisher, R. A. (1999). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850440-3.
^ Gordon, Ian L. (2000). "Quantitative genetics of allogamous F2 : an origin of randomly fertilized populations". Heredity 85: 43–52. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00716.x. PMID 10971690.
^ Gordon, Ian L. (2001). "Quantitative genetics of autogamous F2". Hereditas 134 (3): 255–262. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.2001.00255.x. PMID 11833289.
^ U.S. Census Bureau – World Pop Clock Projection
^ to a World of Seven Billion People UNFPA 12.9.2011
^ "Cities in Nigeria: 2005 Population Estimates – MongaBay.com". Retrieved 1 July 2008.
^ "Country Profile: Nigeria". BBC News. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
^ Haub, C. 1995/2004. "How Many People Have Ever Lived On Earth?" Population Today, http://www.prb.org/Articles/2002/HowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx
^ ^a ^b As graphically illustrated by population since 10,000BC and population since 1000AD
^ "The end of India's green revolution?". BBC News. 29 May 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
^ Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy
^ "World population will increase by 2.5 US billion/2500 million by 2050; people over 60 to increase by more than 1 US billion/1000 million" (Press release). United Nations Population Division. 13 March 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2007. The world population continues its path towards population ageing and is on track to surpass 9 billion persons by 2050.
^ World Population Development Statistics: Forecast, United Nations, 2011.
^ "The End of World Population Growth". Retrieved 4 November 2008.
^ Ojovan M.I., Loshchinin M.B. Heuristic Paradoxes of S.P. Kapitza Theoretical Demography. European Researcher, 92 (3), 237-248 (2015). http://www.erjournal.ru/journals_n/1427563722.pdf (2015)
^ Shackman, Gene, Xun Wang and Ya-Lin Liu. 2011. Brief review of world population trends. Available at http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/demsum.html
^ ^a ^b http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Populations.html
^ Knudsen, Lara (2006). Reproductive Rights in a Global Context. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780826515285.
^ Knudsen, Lara (2006). Reproductive Rights in a Global Context. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 9780826515285.

External links

UNFPA, The United Nations Population Fund
United Nations Population Division
CICRED homepage a platform for interaction between research centres and international organizations, such as the United Nations Population Division, UNFPA, WHO and FAO.
Current World Population
NECSP HomePage
Overpopulation
Population Matters
Population Reference Bureau (2005). Retrieved 13 February 2005.
Population World: Population of World. Retrieved 13 February 2004.
SIEDS, Italian Society of Economics Demography and Statistics
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe – Official Web Site
World Population Counter, and separate regions.
WorldPopClock.com. (French)
Populations du monde. (French)
OECD population data
Understanding the World Today Reports about world and regional population trends
Lee, Ronald Demos (2008). "Population". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.

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Japanese Journal

進化計算におけるOneMax問題のMarkov連鎖を用いた収束時間解析

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Nursing practice supporting the transition of technology-dependent children from hospital to home

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「人口」「集合」「group」「集団」「assemble」
拡張検索	「stable population」

「人口」

　　[★]

英: population
関: 個体群、集合、集団、人種、母集団、ポピュレーション

概念

一定の国または地域の全住民

平成22年国勢調査速報第1表人口及び世帯数－全国，市部，郡部，都道府県

http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2010/kekkagai.htm

	人口		平成17年～22年の人口増減（－は減少）
	2010	2005	実数	率(%)
北海道	5507456	5627737	-120281	-2.1372889316
青森県	1373164	1436657	-63493	-4.4194960941
岩手県	1330530	1385041	-54511	-3.9356957664
宮城県	2347975	2360218	-12243	-0.5187232705
秋田県	1085878	1145501	-59623	-5.2049714492
山形県	1168789	1216181	-47392	-3.8967883892
福島県	2028752	2091319	-62567	-2.9917482699
茨城県	2968865	2975167	-6302	-0.2118200424
栃木県	2007014	2016631	-9617	-0.4768844672
群馬県	2008170	2023996	-15826	-0.7819185413
埼玉県	7194957	7054382	140575	1.9927330275
千葉県	6217119	6056462	160657	2.6526543054
東京都	13161751	12576611	585140	4.6526047438
神奈川県	9049500	8791587	257913	2.9336341664
新潟県	2374922	2431459	-56537	-2.3252294199
富山県	1093365	1111729	-18364	-1.651841411
石川県	1170040	1174026	-3986	-0.3395154792
福井県	806470	821592	-15122	-1.8405729364
山梨県	862772	884515	-21743	-2.4581832982
長野県	2152736	2196114	-43378	-1.9752162228
岐阜県	2081147	2107226	-26079	-1.2375986249
静岡県	3765044	3792377	-27333	-0.7207353066
愛知県	7408499	7254704	153795	2.1199348726
三重県	1854742	1866963	-12221	-0.654592512
滋賀県	1410272	1380361	29911	2.1668969204
京都府	2636704	2647660	-10956	-0.4137993549
大阪府	8862896	8817166	45730	0.5186473749
兵庫県	5589177	5590601	-1424	-0.0254713223
奈良県	1399978	1421310	-21332	-1.5008689167
和歌山県	1001261	1035969	-34708	-3.3502933003
鳥取県	588418	607012	-18594	-3.0632013865
島根県	716354	742223	-25869	-3.4853406591
岡山県	1944986	1957264	-12278	-0.6273042369
広島県	2860769	2876642	-15873	-0.5517892042
山口県	1451372	1492606	-41234	-2.7625508674
徳島県	785873	809950	-24077	-2.9726526329
香川県	995779	1012400	-16621	-1.6417423943
愛媛県	1430957	1467815	-36858	-2.5110793935
高知県	764596	796292	-31696	-3.9804493829
福岡県	5072804	5049908	22896	0.4533943985
佐賀県	849709	866369	-16660	-1.9229681579
長崎県	1426594	1478632	-52038	-3.5193340872
熊本県	1817410	1842233	-24823	-1.3474408503
大分県	1196409	1209571	-13162	-1.0881543952
宮崎県	1135120	1153042	-17922	-1.5543232597
鹿児島県	1706428	1753179	-46751	-2.6666415694
沖縄県	1392503	1361594	30909	2.2700599444

総務省統計局「国勢調査」より引用

「集合」

　　[★]

英: population、assembly、aggregation、convergence、assemblage、assemble、(細胞が)populate、come together
関: アセンブリー、集める、個体群、凝集、組立、構築、収束、集団、収斂、人口、人種、定植、輻輳、母集団、集合体、居住、組み立てる、アセンブリ、アセンブル、アッセンブリー、ポピュレーション、会合体、一体となる

「group」

　　[★]

n.

集団、グループ、(動物)群れ、(分類学)群、(化学)基

v.

分類する、グループ化する

関: assortment、categorization、categorize、category、class、classification、classifier、classify、cluster、collective、grouping、herd、mass、population、sort、swarm、systematization、typing

「集団」

　　[★]

英: group、mass、population、cluster、collective
関: 個体群、殻、クラスタ、クラスター、クラスター形成、グループ、群、集合、腫瘤、人口、人種、分類、母集団、群れ、基、質量、集団性、集団的、密集、クラスター化、グループ化、ポピュレーション

「assemble」

　　[★]

v.

構築する、集合する、集める、アセンブルする、組み立てる

関: aggregation、amass、architectural、architecture、assemblage、assembly、build、collect、come together、construct、convergence、gather、organize、populate、population、structure

「stable population」

　　[★]

安定人口

関: intermediate variable、population dynamics

[1] "Population". Biology Online. Retrieved 5 December 2012.

[2] "Definition of population (biology)". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 December 2012. a community of animals, plants, or humans among whose members interbreeding occurs

[3] Hartl, Daniel (2007). Principles of Population Genetics. Sinauer Associates. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-87893-308-2.

[4] Hartl, Daniel (2007). Principles of Population Genetics. Sinauer Associates. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-87893-308-2.

[5] Fisher, R. A. (1999). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850440-3.

[6] Gordon, Ian L. (2000). "Quantitative genetics of allogamous F2 : an origin of randomly fertilized populations". Heredity 85: 43–52. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00716.x. PMID 10971690.

[7] Gordon, Ian L. (2001). "Quantitative genetics of autogamous F2". Hereditas 134 (3): 255–262. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.2001.00255.x. PMID 11833289.

[8] U.S. Census Bureau – World Pop Clock Projection

[9] to a World of Seven Billion People UNFPA 12.9.2011

[10] "Cities in Nigeria: 2005 Population Estimates – MongaBay.com". Retrieved 1 July 2008.

[11] "Country Profile: Nigeria". BBC News. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2008.

[12] Haub, C. 1995/2004. "How Many People Have Ever Lived On Earth?" Population Today, http://www.prb.org/Articles/2002/HowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx

[historic_population_graphs-13] As graphically illustrated by population since 10,000BC and population since 1000AD

[14] "The end of India's green revolution?". BBC News. 29 May 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2009.

[15] Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy

[16] "World population will increase by 2.5 US billion/2500 million by 2050; people over 60 to increase by more than 1 US billion/1000 million" (Press release). United Nations Population Division. 13 March 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2007. The world population continues its path towards population ageing and is on track to surpass 9 billion persons by 2050.

[17] World Population Development Statistics: Forecast, United Nations, 2011.

[18] "The End of World Population Growth". Retrieved 4 November 2008.

[19] Ojovan M.I., Loshchinin M.B. Heuristic Paradoxes of S.P. Kapitza Theoretical Demography. European Researcher, 92 (3), 237-248 (2015). http://www.erjournal.ru/journals_n/1427563722.pdf (2015)

[20] Shackman, Gene, Xun Wang and Ya-Lin Liu. 2011. Brief review of world population trends. Available at http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/demsum.html

[users.rcn.com-21] ttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Populations.html

[22] Knudsen, Lara (2006). Reproductive Rights in a Global Context. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780826515285.

[23] Knudsen, Lara (2006). Reproductive Rights in a Global Context. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 9780826515285.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

population

WordNet

PrepTutorEJDIC

Wikipedia preview

wiki en

Contents

Population genetics (ecology)

World human population

Predicted growth and decline

Control

See also

References

External links

UpToDate Contents

English Journal

Full Text Sources

Japanese Journal

Related Links

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

「人口」

概念

平成22年国勢調査速報第1表人口及び世帯数－全国，市部，郡部，都道府県

「集合」

「group」

「集団」

「assemble」

「stable population」

匿名

検索

案内

population

WordNet

PrepTutorEJDIC

Wikipedia preview

wiki en

Contents

Population genetics (ecology)

World human population

Predicted growth and decline

Control

See also

References

External links

UpToDate Contents

English Journal

Full Text Sources

Japanese Journal

Related Links

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

「人口」

概念

平成22年国勢調査 速報 第1表人口及び世帯数－全国，市部，郡部，都道府県

「集合」

「group」

「集団」

「assemble」

「stable population」

平成22年国勢調査速報第1表人口及び世帯数－全国，市部，郡部，都道府県