WordNet

move together, like a herd
a group of cattle or sheep or other domestic mammals all of the same kind that are herded by humans
a group of wild mammals of one species that remain together: antelope or elephants or seals or whales or zebra
cause to herd, drive, or crowd together; "We herded the children into a spare classroom" (同)crowd
keep, move, or drive animals; "Who will be herding the cattle when the cowboy dies?"
come together as in a cluster or flock; "The poets constellate in this town every summer" (同)constellate, flock, clump
arrange into a group or groups; "Can you group these shapes together?"
(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule (同)radical, chemical group
any number of entities (members) considered as a unit (同)grouping
a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse (同)mathematical group
form a group or group together (同)aggroup
a group of many things in the air or on the ground; "a swarm of insects obscured the light"; "clouds of blossoms"; "it discharged a cloud of spores" (同)cloud
watch over like a shepherd, as a teacher of her pupils
a clergyman who watches over a group of people
tend as a shepherd, as of sheep or goats
someone who drives a herd (同)herdsman, drover
the 5th letter of the Hebrew alphabet

PrepTutorEJDIC

(動物の)『群れ』《+『of』+『名』》 / 《軽べつして》[the ～] 民衆，下層民《a herdとして》大ぜい(の…)《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈人・動物〉‘を'集める / 〈牛・羊など〉‘の'番をする / 集まる,群がる
(花・果実などの)『ふさ』《+『of』+『名』》 / (密集した人・動物・物などの)『集団』,群れ(group)《+『of』+『名』》 / (…の回りに)『群がる』;群生する《+『together around』(『round』)+『名』》
(…の)『群れ』,集まり,小集団《+of+名》 / (主義・系統・種類などを同じくする人・物の)『派』,『団体』 / (ポミュラーソング歌手の)グループ / (動・植物分類上の)群;(化学の)基,原子団;(地質学上の)界;(数学の)群;(言語学上の)語派 / …‘を'一群に集める,一団にする《+『名』+『together』》 / (系統的に)…‘を'分類する,調和よく配合する《+『名』+『together』》 / 集まる,群(集団)をなす
(大きな一団となって飛んで(動いて)いる昆虫などの)『群れ』《+of+名》 / (人・動物・物の)『群れ』,多数《+of+名》 / 〈ミツバチが〉巣分かれする,分封する / 『群れをなして動く』 / 〈場所が〉(で…)一杯になる,あふれる《+with+名》
…に抱きついて登る《+up+名,+名+up》
〈C〉『羊飼い』 / 〈C〉牧師;(精神的)指導者 / 《the good S-》イエスキリスト / 〈羊〉‘を'飼う,‘の'世話をする;…‘を'見張る / 《方向を表す副詞[句]を伴って》‘を'導く,案内する
家畜の番人,枚夫,家畜の飼い主
女性の家畜番人
牛飼い
彼は,彼が / 《指す人の性別が分からないか,または分かる必要のない場合に》その人,あの人,自分 / 《he who(that)の形で》《文》…するものはだれでも / (動物の)おす(雄)
鬼ごっこ(tag,tick,tig)
《sheの所有格》『彼女の』 / 《sheの目的格》『彼女に』 / 《口語》[be の補語に用いて] = her

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/14 16:23:33」(JST)

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"Covey" redirects here. For other uses, see Covey (disambiguation).

For other uses, see Herd (disambiguation).

Boy herding a flock of sheep, India; a classic example of the domestic herding of animals.

Wildebeest at the Ngorongoro Crater; an example of a herd in the wild.

A Herd refers to a social grouping of certain animals of the same species, either wild or domestic, and also to the form of collective animal behavior associated with this (referred to as herding) or as a verb, to herd, to its control by another species such as humans or dogs.

The term herd is generally applied to mammals, and most particularly to the grazing ungulates that classically display this behaviour. Different terms are used for similar groupings in other species; in the case of birds, for example, the word is flocking, but flock may also be used, in certain instances, for mammals, particularly sheep or goats. A group of quail is often referred to as a covey. Large groups of carnivores are usually called packs, and in nature a herd is classically subject to predation from pack hunters.

Special collective nouns may be used for particular taxa (for example a flock of geese, if not in flight, is sometimes called a gaggle) but for theoretical discussions of behavioural ecology, the generic term herd can be used for all such kinds of assemblage.^{[citation needed]}

The word herd, as a noun, can also refer to one who controls, possesses and has care for such groups of animals when they are domesticated. Examples of herds in this sense include shepherds (who tend to sheep), goatherds (who tend to goats), cowherds (who tend cattle), and others.

Why do animals herd?

When an association of animals (or, by extension, people) is described as a herd, the implication is that the group tends to act together (for example, all moving in the same direction at a given time), but that this does not occur as a result of planning or co-ordination. Rather, each individual is choosing behaviour that corresponds to that of the majority of other members, possibly through imitation or possibly because all are responding to the same external circumstances. A herd can be contrasted with a co-ordinated group where individuals have distinct roles. Many human groupings, such as army detachments or sports teams, show such co-ordination and differentiation of roles, but so do some animal groupings such as those of eusocial insects, which are co-ordinated through pheromones and other forms of animal communication.

Large groupings of birds in flight are generally referred to as a flock

The question of why animals group together is one of the most fundamental in sociobiology and behavioural ecology. As noted above, the term herd is most commonly used of grazing animals such as ungulates, and in these cases it is believed that the strongest selective pressure leading to herding rather than a solitary existence is protection against predators. There is clearly a tradeoff involved, since on the one hand a predator may hesitate to attack a large group of animals, while on the other a large group offers an easily detected target. It is generally believed that the most important protective factor is risk dilution - even if a predator attacks the herd, the risk for any individual that it will be the victim is greatly reduced. In the case of predators, it is often unclear whether the term herd is appropriate, since there may be some degree of co-ordination or role differentiation in group hunting. Predator groups are commonly smaller than grazing groups, since although a pack may be more effective at pulling down prey than a single animal, the prey then has to be shared between all members, so that the weaker animals will often be better off hunting smaller prey on their own.

The structure and size of herds

A herd is by definition relatively unstructured. However, there may be one or a few animals which tend to be imitated by the rest of the members of the herd more than others. An animal taking this role is called a "control animal", since its behaviour will predict that of the herd as a whole. It cannot be assumed, however, that the control animal is deliberately taking a leadership role. Control animals are not necessarily, or even usually, those that are socially dominant in conflict situations, though they frequently are. Group size is an important characteristic of the social environment of gregarious species.

A Snow Goose gaggle may contain thousands.

Domestic herds

Domestic animal herds are assembled by humans for practicality in raising them and controlling them. Their behaviour may be quite different from that of wild herds of the same or related species, since both their composition (in terms of the distribution of age and sex within the herd) and their history (in terms of when and how the individuals joined the herd) are likely to be very different.

A herd of goats in Greece

Human parallels

The term herd is also applied metaphorically to human beings in social psychology, with the concept of herd behaviour. However both the term and concepts that underlie its use are controversial.

The term has acquired a semi-technical usage in behavioral finance to describe the largest group of market investors or market speculators who tend to 'move with the market,' or 'follow the general market trend.' This is at least a plausible example of genuine herding, though according to some researchers it results from rational decisions through processes such as information cascade and rational expectations. Other researchers, however, ascribe it to non-rational process such as mimicry, fear and greed contagion. "Contrarians" or contrarian investors are those who deliberately choose to invest or speculate counter to the "herd".

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English Journal

Scrotal insulation and its relationship to abnormal morphology, chromatin protamination and nuclear shape of spermatozoa in Holstein-Friesian and Belgian Blue bulls.

Rahman MB, Vandaele L, Rijsselaere T, Maes D, Hoogewijs M, Frijters A, Noordman J, Granados A, Dernelle E, Shamsuddin M, Parrish JJ, Van Soom A.SourceDepartment of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2011 Oct 15;76(7):1246-57. Epub 2011 Jul 22.
The objectives of this study were to identify the stages of spermatogenesis susceptible to elevated testicular temperature in terms of sperm motility, viability, morphology, chromatin protamination and nuclear shape. The latter two valuable parameters are not included in routine semen analysis. Scro
PMID 21777969

Evaluation of vaccines against enteric infections: a clinical and public health research agenda for developing countries.

Clemens J.SourceInternational Vaccine Institute, , Seoul, Korea.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2011 Oct 12;366(1579):2799-805.
Enteric infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. To date, vaccines have played a limited role in public health efforts to control enteric infections. Licensed vaccines exist for cholera and typhoid, but these vaccines are used primarily for travellers; and the
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Global gene expression profiling reveals genes expressed differentially in cattle with high and low residual feed intake.

Chen Y, Gondro C, Quinn K, Herd RM, Parnell PF, Vanselow B.SourceIndustry & Investment NSW - Primary Industries, Beef Industry Centre, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. The Centre for Genetic Analysis and Applications, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia.
Animal genetics.Anim Genet.2011 Oct;42(5):475-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02182.x. Epub 2011 Mar 31.
Feed efficiency is an economically important trait in beef production. It can be measured as residual feed intake. This is the difference between actual feed intake recorded over a test period and the expected feed intake of an animal based on its size and growth rate. DNA-based marker-assisted sele
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Japanese Journal

Practical Aspects of the Fertility of Dairy Cattle

SAKAGUCHI Minoru
The Journal of reproduction and development 57(1), 17-33, 2011-02-01
… In this review, the results obtained from Holstein cattle in an experimental herd for dairy research are summarized. …
NAID 10027900846