分娩停止

WordNet

block passage through; "obstruct the path" (同)obturate, impede, occlude, jam, block, close_up
shut out from view or get in the way so as to hide from sight; "The thick curtain blocked the action on the stage"; "The trees obstruct my view of the mountains" (同)block
hinder or prevent the progress or accomplishment of; "His brother blocked him at every turn" (同)blockade, block, hinder, stymie, stymy, embarrass
work hard; "She was digging away at her math homework"; "Lexicographers drudge all day long" (同)labour, toil, fag, travail, grind, drudge, dig, moil
undergo the efforts of childbirth (同)labour
productive work (especially physical work done for wages); "his labor did not require a great deal of skill" (同)labour, toil
a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages; "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" (同)labour, working_class, proletariat
a workplace for the conduct of scientific research (同)laboratory, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory
lacking natural ease; "a labored style of debating" (同)laboured, strained
shut off to passage or view or hindered from action; "a partially obstructed passageway"; "an obstructed view"; "justice obstructed is not justice"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(通れないように)…‘を'『ふさぐ』 / …‘を'『遮る』 / …‘の'通過(進行)を妨げる,‘を'妨害する
実験室(laboratory)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/19 12:11:26」(JST)

wiki en

Obstructed labour, also known as labour dystocia, is when, even though the uterus is contracting normally, the baby does not exit the pelvis during childbirth due to being physically blocked.^[1] Complications for the baby include not getting enough oxygen which may result in death. It increases the risk of the mother getting an infection, having uterine rupture, or having post-partum bleeding.^[2] Long term complications for the mother include obstetrical fistula. Obstructed labour is said to result in prolonged labour, when the active phase of labour is longer than twelve hours.^[1]

The main causes of obstructed labour include: a large or abnormally positioned baby, a small pelvis, and problems with the birth canal. Abnormal positioning includes shoulder dystocia were the anterior shoulder does not pass easily below the pubic bone.^[1] Risk factors for a small pelvis include malnutrition and a lack of exposure to sunlight causing vitamin D deficiency.^[3] It is also more common in adolescence as the pelvis may not have finished growing.^[2] Problems with the birth canal include a narrow vagina and perineum which may be due to female genital mutilation or tumors.^[1] A partograph is often used to track labour progression and diagnose problems.^[2] This combined with physical examination may identify obstructed labour.^[4]

The treatment of obstructed labour may require cesarean section or vacuum extraction with possible surgical opening of the symphysis pubis. Other measures include: keeping the women hydrated and antibiotics if the membranes have been ruptured for more than 18 hours.^[5] In Africa and Asia obstructed labor effects between two and five percent of deliveries.^[6] In 2013 about 5.1 cases of obstructed labour occurred.^[7] This resulted in 19,000 deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990 (about 8% of all deaths related to pregnancy).^[1]^[8] Most deaths due to this condition occur in the developing world.^[2]

Cause

The main causes of obstructed labour include: a large or abnormally positioned baby, a small pelvis, and problems with the birth canal.^[1] Abnormal positioning includes shoulder dystocia where the anterior shoulder does not pass easily below the pubic bone.^[1] Risk factors for a small pelvis include malnutrition and a lack of exposure to sunlight causing vitamin D deficiency.^[3] while problems with the birth canal include a narrow vagina and perineum which may be due to female genital mutilation or tumors.^[1]

Diagnosis

Obstructed labour may be diagnosed based on physical examination.^[4]

Treatment

The treatment of obstructed labour may require cesarean section or vacuum extraction with possible surgical opening of the symphysis pubis.^[5] Other measures include: keeping the women hydrated and antibiotics if the membranes have been ruptured for more than 18 hours.^[5]

Epidemiology

In 2013 it resulted in 19,000 deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990.^[8]

Etymology

The word dystocia means difficult labour.^[2] Its antonym is eutocia Ancient Greek: τόκος tókos "childbirth" or easy labour.

Other terms for obstructed labour include: difficult labour, abnormal labour, difficult childbirth, abnormal childbirth, and dysfunctional labour.

Other animals

The term can also be used in the context of various animals. Dystocia pertaining to birds and reptiles is also called egg binding.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules (PDF) (2nd ed.). Geneva [Switzerland]: World Health Organisation. 2008. pp. 17–36. ISBN 9789241546669.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Neilson, JP; Lavender, T; Quenby, S; Wray, S (2003). "Obstructed labour.". British medical bulletin 67: 191–204. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldg018. PMID 14711764.
^ ^a ^b Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules (PDF) (2nd ed.). Geneva [Switzerland]: World Health Organisation. 2008. pp. 38–44. ISBN 9789241546669.
^ ^a ^b Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules (PDF) (2nd ed.). Geneva [Switzerland]: World Health Organisation. 2008. pp. 45–52. ISBN 9789241546669.
^ ^a ^b ^c Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules (PDF) (2nd ed.). Geneva [Switzerland]: World Health Organisation. 2008. pp. 89–104. ISBN 9789241546669.
^ Usha, Krishna (2004). Pregnancy at risk : current concepts. New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. p. 451. ISBN 9788171798261.
^ Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Collaborators (22 August 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.". Lancet (London, England) 386 (9995): 743–800. PMID 26063472.
^ ^a ^b GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.". Lancet 385: 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 正常分娩および遷延分娩、分娩停止 overview of normal labor and protraction and arrest disorders
2. 分娩時の顔位および額位 face and brow presentations in labor
3. 陣痛の潜伏相 latent phase of labor
4. 正常な陣痛および分娩のマネージメント management of normal labor and delivery
5. 陣痛誘発 induction of labor

English Journal

Surgical Treatment of Anal Stenosis with Diamond Flap Anoplasty Performed in a Calibrated Fashion.

Gülen M1, Leventoğlu S, Ege B, Menteş BB.
Diseases of the colon and rectum.Dis Colon Rectum.2016 Mar;59(3):230-5. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000530.
BACKGROUND: Regarding anoplasty for anal stenosis, it is not clear to what extent the final anal caliber should be targeted.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the results of diamond-flap anoplasty performed in a calibrated manner for the treatment of severe anal stenosis due to a pr
PMID 26855398

Access to Cesarean Section Will Reduce Maternal Mortality in Low-Income Countries: A Mathematical Model.

Thomas S1, Meadows J2, McQueen KA3.
World journal of surgery.World J Surg.2016 Mar 1. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Despite global efforts to reduce the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) through the World Health Organization's (WHO) Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG5), MMR remains unacceptably high in low-income countries (LICs). Maternal death and disability from hemorrhage, infection, and obstructed l
PMID 26932877

The Aetiology, Treatment, and Outcome of Urogenital Fistulae Managed in Well-and Low-resourced Countries: A Systematic Review.

Hillary CJ1, Osman NI1, Hilton P2, Chapple CR3.
European urology.Eur Urol.2016 Feb 24. pii: S0302-2838(16)00190-1. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.015. [Epub ahead of print]
CONTEXT: Urogenital fistula is a global healthcare problem, predominantly associated with obstetric complications in low-resourced countries and iatrogenic injury in well-resourced countries. Currently, the published evidence is of relatively low quality, mainly consisting retrospective case series.
PMID 26922407

Japanese Journal

内視鏡的治療が有効であった食道入口部膜様閉塞を伴う表皮水疱症の1例

峯由華,須藤隆一郎,日高匡章,宮崎健介,善甫宣哉
日本臨床外科学会雑誌 74(12), 3281-3285, 2013
症例は61歳，女性．先天性表皮水疱症の診断を受けている．2012年9月頃より右下顎歯肉の痛みがあり当院口腔外科受診し，下顎歯肉癌と診断された．同年12月，腫瘍および下顎骨合併切除術施行時，胃管挿入不能であったため，術後に内視鏡検査を施行したが食道入口部から挿入できなかった．腸管栄養目的に造設した胃瘻からと，口腔からの内視鏡検査で閉塞部を観察したところ，食道入口部の膜様閉塞と判断できた．胃瘻側よりガ …
NAID 130004518592

労働運動の民主化支持に関する構成主義による分析:方法論の検討と応用

宮地隆廣
国際政治 (151), 140-155,L15, 2008
… It is an interesting puzzle why the labor movement, generally influenced by Marxist ideology, is considered to be the principal democratizer of modern history. … This article addresses this puzzle and finds an appropriate explanation for how the labor movement becomes a democratizing force.As this puzzle is concerned with the normative aspects of the labor movement, constructivism is the best thoretical frame. …
NAID 130004303499

生活保護制度と所得税住民税制の限界実効税率

齊藤由里恵,上村敏之
生活経済学研究 26, 31-43, 2007-09-30
NAID 110006436953

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「obstruct」「labored」「labor」「labo」「lab」

「obstruct」

Obstructed labour
	An image of a deformed pelvis, a risk factor for obstructed labour
Classification and external resources
Specialty	obstetrics
ICD-10	O64 – O66
DiseasesDB	4025
eMedicine	med/3280
Patient UK	Obstructed labour
MeSH	D004420
	[edit on Wikidata]