hard exudate

硬性白斑

WordNet

1. with pain or distress or bitterness; "he took the rejection very hard"
2. (of light) transmitted directly from a pointed light source (同)concentrated
3. with firmness; "held hard to the railing" (同)firmly
4. very strong or vigorous; "strong winds"; "a hard left to the chin"; "a knockout punch"; "a severe blow" (同)knockout, severe
5. causing great damage or hardship; "industries hit hard by the depression"; "she was severely affected by the banks failure" (同)severely
6. being distilled rather than fermented; having a high alcoholic content; "hard liquor" (同)strong
7. unfortunate or hard to bear; "had hard luck"; "a tough break" (同)tough
8. (of speech sounds); produced with the back of the tongue raised toward or touching the velum; "Russian distinguished between hard consonants and palatalized or soft consonants"
9. dispassionate; "took a hard look"; "a hard bargainer";
10. dried out; "hard dry rolls left over from the day before"
11. earnestly or intently; "thought hard about it"; "stared hard at the accused"
12. into a solid condition; "concrete that sets hard within a few hours"
13. resisting weight or pressure
14. slowly and with difficulty; "prejudices die hard"
15. to the full extent possible; all the way; "hard alee"; "the ship went hard astern"; "swung the wheel hard left"
16. very near or close in space or time; "it stands hard by the railroad tracks"; "they were hard on his heels"; "a strike followed hard upon the plants opening"
17. with effort or force or vigor; "the team played hard"; "worked hard all day"; "pressed hard on the lever"; "hit the ball hard"; "slammed the door hard"
18. a substance that oozes out from plant pores (同)exudation

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (物体が)『堅い』,(手触りが)堅固な,しっかりした / 『難しい』,努力を要する / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(人が)『精力的な』,勤勉な / 激しい,猛烈な / (生活などが)耐え難い,つらい / (季節・天候などが)厳しい;(雨・風などが)激しい / (人が)厳格な;(行為などが)容赦しない,無情な / (方針・条件などが)妥協(譲歩)しない,厳しい / (感情が)うらみを含む,憤然とした / (体が)筋肉質の,がんじょうな / (紙幣に対して)硬貨の,(小切手などに対して)現金の;(貨幣が)容易に兌換(だかん)できる / (子音が)硬音の(c,gがcome, goのように[k],[g]と発音される) / アルコール分の多い / (水が)硬質の / (エックス線が)透過能力が大きい / 一生懸命に,『熱心に』 / 『強く』,激しく,大いに / やっと,かろうじて / 『堅く』 / ひどく悲んで / 接近して
2. 浸出液
3. おや,はああ,ああ(驚き・喜び・疑い・ためらいなどを表す声)
4. hectare; hectares

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 高血圧の眼への影響 ocular effects of hypertension
• 2. 糖尿病性網膜症の分類及び臨床的特徴 classification and clinical features of diabetic retinopathy
• 3. 6ヶ月以上の乳幼児、小児、および思春期における体重減少の評価 evaluation of weight loss in infants over six months of age children and adolescents
• 4. 胸腔内圧の測定 measurement of pleural pressure
• 5. 上皮成長因子受容体（EGFR）阻害剤投与に続発するざ瘡様発疹 acneiform eruption secondary to epidermal growth factor egfr inhibitors

English Journal

• Re-evaluating the sensitivity of the rabbit infectivity test for Treponema pallidum in modern era.

• Tong ML1, Zhang HL1, Zhu XZ1, Fan JY1, Gao K1, Lin LR1, Liu LL1, Li SL2, Lin HL2, Lin ZF2, Niu JJ3, Zheng WH4, Yang TC5.
• Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.Clin Chim Acta.2016 Nov 20;464:136-141. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.11.031. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND: The rabbit infectivity test (RIT) was previously described as a highly-sensitive method for clinically detecting Treponema pallidum. But our primary study indicated this result may have changed in current antibiotics era.METHODS: By inoculating rabbits testis with cerebrospinal fluid (CS
• PMID 27876463

• HYPERREFLECTIVE RETINAL SPOTS IN NORMAL AND DIABETIC EYES: B-Scan and En Face Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Evaluation.

• Vujosevic S1, Bini S, Torresin T, Berton M, Midena G, Parrozzani R, Martini F, Pucci P, Daniele AR, Cavarzeran F, Midena E.
• Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.).Retina.2016 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print]
• PURPOSE: To evaluate hyperreflective retinal spots (HRS), in normal subjects and diabetic patients without and with macular edema (diabetic macular edema, DME), on linear B-scans and corresponding en face image of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of imag
• PMID 27668929

• Association of serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate area in African Americans with type 2 diabetes.

• Papavasileiou E1, Davoudi S1, Roohipoor R1,2, Cho H1,3, Kudrimoti S1, Hancock H4, Wilson JG5, Andreoli C6, Husain D1, James M7, Penman A5,8, Chen CJ4, Sobrin L9.
• Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.2016 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print]
• PURPOSE: Previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding whether serum lipid levels are associated with retinal hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy. The majority of studies have assessed hard exudates only as a dichotomous trait (presence vs. absence) and included limited numbers of Af
• PMID 27632216

Japanese Journal

• Systemic Factors Influence the Prognosis of Diabetic Macular Edema after Pars Plana Vitrectomy with Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling

• Current Eye Research 38(12), 1261-1265, 2013-12
• NAID 120005348993

• 網膜出血,軟性白斑,硬性白斑,網膜虚血の病態と病理--垂直に病態を見る,水平に病態を見る。 (特集 網膜血管病の病態とマネージメント)

• 眼科 53(9), 1063-1070, 2011-09
• NAID 40018989889

• Secondary Macular Hole Formation with Presumed Evulsion of Foveal Hard Exudates in a Patient with Diabetic Retinopathy

• Japanese journal of ophthalmology 54(4), 366-368, 2010-07-01
• NAID 10027204741

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「硬性白斑」
関連記事	「hard」「exudate」

「硬性白斑」

　　[★]

英

hard exudate

同

蝋様白斑 waxy exudate、硬性斑 hard spot

関

網膜白斑、軟性白斑

病態生理

• 血管外に出た浸出液の脂質が吸収されずに外網状層に貯留したもの。2つの形成過程がある(SOP.129)

• 1. 網膜血管瘤等により正常網膜に接して限局性の網膜浮腫がある場合で、持続的に透過性亢進と浮腫の再吸収がされていると、その境界部で脂質の沈着が生じやすい。
• 2. 網膜浮腫の出現と再吸収のとの間に時間的なずれがある場合。

硬性白斑が見られる疾患

• 糖尿病網膜症、腎性網膜症、高血圧性網膜症

「hard」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 硬い、硬性の、硬質な、困難な

関

arduous、difficult、difficulty、distress、intractable、labored、recalcitrant、rigidity、trouble

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「exudate」

　　[★]

• n.

• 滲出液、浸出液、滲出物、浸出物

関

decoction、effusion、leachate、transudate、transudation