関: effuse、effusion、exude、imbibition、leach、leaching、oozing、percolate、percolation

WordNet

the process of exuding; the slow escape of liquids from blood vessels through pores or breaks in the cell membranes (同)transudation
spread gradually; "Light percolated into our house in the morning"
the product of percolation
pass through; "Water permeates sand easily" (同)sink in, permeate, filter
cause (a solvent) to pass through a permeable substance in order to extract a soluble constituent
prepare in a percolator; "percolate coffee"
cause (a liquid) to leach or percolate
the process of leaching (同)leaching
permeate or penetrate gradually; "the fertilizer leached into the ground" (同)percolate
remove substances from by a percolating liquid; "leach the soil" (同)strip
the slow passage of a liquid through a filtering medium; "the percolation of rainwater through the soil"; "the infiltration of seawater through the lava" (同)infiltration
the act of making coffee in a percolator
the filtration of a liquid for extraction or purification
make apparent by ones mood or behavior; "She exudes great confidence"
release (a liquid) in drops or small quantities; "exude sweat through the pores" (同)exudate, transude, ooze out, ooze
flow under pressure
an unrestrained expression of emotion (同)gush, outburst, blowup, ebullition

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…を通して)〈液体〉‘を'ろ過する,こす《+『名』+『through』+『名』》 / (液体が)…‘に'しみ込む / (また《話》『perk』)〈コーヒー〉‘を'パーコレーターで入れる / (…を通って)にじみ出る,しみ出る《+『through』+『名』》 / 《話》元気になる / (また)《話》『perk』)〈コーヒーが〉パーコレーターでろ過される
〈水など〉‘を'こす,ろ過する / (灰・土・鉱石などから)〈可溶成分〉‘を'こして取る《+『out』+『名』(+『名』+『out』)+『from』+『名』》
ろ過,浸透;伝播(でんば),普及
〈汗など〉‘を'にじみ出させる;〈気分など〉‘を'発散する / 〈液体・気分などが〉にじみ出る
〈U〉流出,噴出;〈C〉流出物(量) / 〈C〉(感情・言葉などの,通例過剰な)吐露,ほとばしり

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/30 23:06:42」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

An exudate is any fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas of inflammation. It can apply to plants as well as animals. Its composition varies but generally includes water and the dissolved solutes of the main circulatory fluid such as sap or blood. In the case of blood it will contain some or all plasma proteins, white blood cells, platelets, and in the case of local vascular damage: red blood cells. In plants, it can be a healing and defensive response to repel insect attack, or it can be an offensive habit to repel other incompatible or competitive plants. Organisms that feed on exudate are known as exudativores; for example, the Vampire Bat exhibits hematophagy, and the Pygmy marmoset is an obligate gummivore^[1] (primarily eats tree gum).

In humans, exudate can be a pus-like or clear fluid. When an injury occurs, leaving skin exposed, it leaks out of the blood vessels and into nearby tissues. The fluid is composed of serum, fibrin, and white blood cells. Exudate may ooze from cuts or from areas of infection or inflammation.^[2]

Etymology [edit]

Exudate is derived from exude, "to ooze,"^[3] from the Latin exsūdāre, "to (ooze) out like sweat" (ex- "out" and sūdāre "to sweat").^[4]

Types [edit]

Purulent or suppurative exudate consists of plasma with both active and dead neutrophils, fibrinogen, and necrotic parenchymal cells. This kind of exudate is consistent with more severe infections, and is commonly referred to as pus.
Fibrinous exudate is composed mainly of fibrinogen and fibrin. It is characteristic of rheumatic carditis, but is seen in all severe injuries such as strep throat and bacterial pneumonia. Fibrinous inflammation is often difficult to resolve due to blood vessels growing into the exudate and filling space that was occupied by fibrin. Often, large amounts of antibiotics are necessary for resolution.
Catarhal exudate is seen in the nose and throat and is characterized by a high content of mucus.
Serous exudate (sometimes classified as serous transudate) is usually seen in mild inflammation, with relatively low protein.^[5] Its consistency resembles that of serum, and can usually be seen in certain disease states like tuberculosis. (See below for difference between transudate and exudate)
Malignant (or cancerous) pleural effusion is effusion where cancer cells are present.^[6] It is usually classified as exudate.

Plant exudates [edit]

Plant exudates include saps, gums, latex, resin, and sometimes nectar is considered an exudate.^[7]

Plant roots exude a variety of molecules into the rhizosphere, including acids, sugars, polysaccharides and ectoenzymes; this can account for 40% of root carbon.^[8] Exudation of these compounds has various benefits to the plant and to the microorganisms of the rhizosphere.^[9]

Exudates vs. transudates [edit]

Transudate vs. exudate view talk edit
	Transudate	Exudate
Main causes	Increased hydrostatic pressure, Decreased colloid osmotic pressure	Inflammation
Appearance	Clear^[10]	Cloudy^[10]
Specific gravity	< 1.012	> 1.020
Protein content	< 25 g/L	> 29 g/L^[11]
fluid protein serum protein	< 0.5	> 0.5^[12]
Difference of albumin content with blood albumin	> 1.2 g/dL	< 1.2 g/dL^[13]
fluid LDH upper limit for serum	< 0.6 or < $⅔$	> 0.6^[11] or > $⅔$ ^[12]
Cholesterol content	< 45 mg/dL	> 45 mg/dL^[11]

There is an important distinction between transudates and exudates. Transudates are caused by disturbances of hydrostatic or colloid osmotic pressure, not by inflammation. They have a low protein content in comparison to exudates. Medical distinction between transudates and exudates is through the measurement of the specific gravity of extracted fluid. Specific gravity is used to measure the protein content of the fluid. The higher the specific gravity, the greater the likelihood of capillary permeability changes in relation to body cavities. For example, the specific gravity of the transudate is usually less than 1.012 and a protein content of less than 2 gm/100mL (2 gm%). Rivalta test may be used to differentiate an exudate from a transudate. It is not clear if there is a distinction in the difference of transudates and exudates in plants.

References [edit]

^ Ford, Susan M.; Porter, Leila M.; Davis, Lesa C., ed. (2009). The Smallest Anthropoids: The Marmoset/Callimico Radiation. Springer US. pp. 381–394. ISBN 978-1-4419-0293-1. Retrieved 6 October 2012. "The Functional Significance of Jaw-Muscle Fiber Architecture in Tree-Gouging Marmosets"
^ "Exudate". MedlinePlus.
^ ""Exuded" Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Meriam Webster. 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
^ Robert K. Barnhart, ed. (1988). Chambers Dictionary of Etymology. New York: Chambers Harrap Publishers. p. 363. ISBN 0-550-14230-4.
^ Robbins Basic Pathology 7th ed
^ About.com > Malignant Pleural Effusion By Lynne Eldridge MD. Updated March 27, 2010
^ Power, Michael L. (2010). Anne M. Burrows, Leanne T. Nash, ed. The Evolution of Exudativory in Primates / Nutritional and Digestive Challenges to Being a Gum-feeding Primate. Springer. p. 28. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
^ Marschner, Horst (1995). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. ISBN 0124735436.
^ Walker, T. S.; Bais, H. P.; Grotewold, E.; Vivanco, J. M. (2003). "Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Biology". Plant Physiology 132 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1104/pp.102.019661. PMC 1540314. PMID 12746510. edit
^ ^a ^b The University of Utah • Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library > WebPath images > "Inflammation".
^ ^a ^b ^c Heffner J, Brown L, Barbieri C (1997). "Diagnostic value of tests that discriminate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions. Primary Study Investigators". Chest 111 (4): 970–80. doi:10.1378/chest.111.4.970. PMID 9106577.
^ ^a ^b Light R, Macgregor M, Luchsinger P, Ball W (1972). "Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates". Ann Intern Med 77 (4): 507–13. PMID 4642731.
^ Roth BJ, O'Meara TF, Gragun WH (1990). "The serum-effusion albumin gradient in the evaluation of pleural effusions". Chest 98 (3): 546–9. doi:10.1378/chest.98.3.546. PMID 2152757.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Root exudation of phytosiderophores from soil-grown wheat.

Oburger E1, Gruber B, Schindlegger Y, Schenkeveld WD, Hann S, Kraemer SM, Wenzel WW, Puschenreiter M.
The New phytologist.New Phytol.2014 Sep;203(4):1161-74. doi: 10.1111/nph.12868. Epub 2014 Jun 2.
For the first time, phytosiderophore (PS) release of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Tamaro) grown on a calcareous soil was repeatedly and nondestructively sampled using rhizoboxes combined with a recently developed root exudate collecting tool. As in nutrient solution culture, we observed a distinct di
PMID 24890330

Effect of solvent transfer in agar gels on stress relaxation under large deformation.

Matsukawa S1, Ding Y2, Zhao Q2, Mogi A3, Tashiro Y3, Ogawa H3.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2014 Aug 30;109:166-70. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.055. Epub 2014 Mar 28.
We measured stress relaxation, volume of exuded water, and spatial distribution of stress in agar gels under large deformation. Gels with smaller sample size and lower concentration exuded water faster and had shorter stress relaxation time. Gels with the storage time of 3 days exuded more water and
PMID 24815413

Long-term results after proton beam therapy for retinal papillary capillary hemangioma.

Seibel I1, Cordini D2, Hager A3, Riechardt AI3, Klein JP3, Heufelder J2, Moser L4, Joussen AM3.
American journal of ophthalmology.Am J Ophthalmol.2014 Aug;158(2):381-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.05.003. Epub 2014 May 17.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential benefit and risk of proton beam therapy in the treatment of symptomatic retinal papillary capillary hemangioma.DESIGN: Retrospective interventional case series.METHODS: This study included patients presenting with symptomatic exudative retinal papillary capillary h
PMID 24844975

Interaction of magnesium oxide with gastric acid secretion inhibitors in clinical pharmacotherapy.

Yamasaki M1, Funakoshi S, Matsuda S, Imazu T, Takeda Y, Murakami T, Maeda Y.
European journal of clinical pharmacology.Eur J Clin Pharmacol.2014 Aug;70(8):921-4. doi: 10.1007/s00228-014-1694-x. Epub 2014 May 13.
PURPOSE: Magnesium oxide (MgO), a short-term osmotic laxative, is converted into MgCl2 under acidic condition in the stomach and then Mg(HCO3)2 in the intestinal tract, where Mg(HCO3)2 induces the water exudation into the intestine. This indicates that the laxative effect of MgO could be attenuated
PMID 24820768