浸出液

関: decoction、effusion、exudate

WordNet

flow under pressure
an unrestrained expression of emotion (同)gush, outburst, blowup, ebullition
a substance that oozes out from plant pores (同)exudation
(pharmacology) the extraction of water-soluble drug substances by boiling

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉流出,噴出;〈C〉流出物(量) / 〈C〉(感情・言葉などの,通例過剰な)吐露,ほとばしり
浸出液
煎じ出すこと;〈C〉煎出エキス;煎じ薬

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/12 17:52:48」(JST)

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A leachate evaporation pond in a landfill site located in Cancún, Mexico.

Leachate is any liquid that, in passing through matter, extracts solutes, suspended solids or any other component of the material through which it has passed.

Leachate is a widely used term in the environmental sciences where it has the specific meaning of a liquid that has dissolved or entrained environmentally harmful substances which may then enter the environment. It is most commonly used in the context of land-filling of putrescible or industrial waste.

In the narrow environmental context leachate is therefore any liquid material that drains from land or stockpiled material and contains significantly elevated concentrations of undesirable material derived from the material that it has passed through.

1 Landfill leachate
- 1.1 Composition of landfill leachate
- 1.2 Leachate management
- 1.3 History of landfill leachate collection
- 1.4 Goals of leachate collection systems
- 1.5 Components of leachate collection systems
  - 1.5.1 Liners
  - 1.5.2 Leachate drainage system
  - 1.5.3 Filters
  - 1.5.4 Sumps or leachate well
  - 1.5.5 Membrane and collection for treatment
- 1.6 Re-injection into landfill
- 1.7 Treatment
- 1.8 Removal to sewer system
2 Environmental impact
3 Problems and Failures
4 Other types of leachate
5 References
6 External links

Landfill leachate

Leachate from a landfill varies widely in composition depending on the age of the landfill and the type of waste that contains.^[1]^[2] It can usually contain both dissolved and suspended material. The generation of leachate is caused principally by precipitation percolating through waste deposited in a landfill. Once in contact with decomposing solid waste, the percolating water becomes contaminated and if it then flows out of the waste material it is termed leachate.^[3] Additional leachate volume is produced during this decomposition of carbonaceous material producing a wide range of other materials including methane, carbon dioxide and a complex mixture of organic acids, aldehydes, alcohols and simple sugars.

The risks of leachate generation can be mitigated by properly designed and engineered landfill sites, such as sites that are constructed on geologically impermeable materials or sites that use impermeable liners made of geomembranes or engineered clay. The use of linings is now mandatory within both the United States and the European Union except where the waste is deemed inert. In addition, most toxic and difficult materials are now specifically excluded from landfilling. However despite much stricter statutory controls leachates from modern sites are found to contain a range of contaminants that may either be associated with some level of illegal activity or may reflect the ubiquitous use of a range of difficult materials in household and domestic products which enter the waste stream legally.

Composition of landfill leachate

When water percolates through the waste, it promotes and assists the process of decomposition by bacteria and fungi. These processes in turn release by-products of decomposition and rapidly use up any available oxygen creating an anoxic environment. In actively decomposing waste the temperature rises and the pH falls rapidly and many metal ions which are relatively insoluble at neutral pH can become dissolved in the developing leachate. The decomposition processes themselves release further water which adds to the volume of leachate. Leachate also reacts with materials that are not themselves prone to decomposition such as fire ash, cement based building materials and gypsum based materials changing the chemical composition. In sites with large volumes of building waste, especially those containing gypsum plaster, the reaction of leachate with the gypsum can generate large volumes of hydrogen sulfide which may be released in the leachate and may also form a large component of the landfill gas.

In a landfill that receives a mixture of municipal, commercial, and mixed industrial waste, but excludes significant amounts of concentrated specific chemical waste, landfill leachate may be characterized as a water-based solution of four groups of contaminants; dissolved organic matter (alcohols, acids, aldehydes, short chain sugars etc.), inorganic macro components (common cations and anions including sulfate, chloride, iron, aluminium, zinc and ammonia), heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cu, Hg), and xenobiotic organic compounds such as halogenated organics, (PCBs, dioxins, etc.).^[4]

The physical appearance of leachate when it emerges from a typical landfill site is a strongly odoured black, yellow or orange coloured cloudy liquid. The smell is acidic and offensive and may be very pervasive because of hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur rich organic species such as mercaptans.

Leachate management

In older landfills and those with no membrane between the waste and the underlying geology, leachate is free to egress the waste directly into the groundwater. In such cases high concentrations of leachate are often found in nearby springs and flushes. As leachate first emerges it can be black in colour, anoxic and may be effervescent with dissolved and entrained gases. As it becomes oxygenated it tends to turn brown or yellow because of the presence of Iron salts in solution and in suspension. It also quickly develops a bacterial flora often comprising substantial growths of Sphaerotilus.

History of landfill leachate collection

In the UK, in the late 1960s, central Government policy was to ensure new landfill sites were being chosen with permeable underlying geological strata to avoid the build-up of leachate. This policy was dubbed "dilute and disperse". However, following a number of cases where this policy was seen to be failing and an exposee in "The Sunday Times" of serious environmental damage being caused by inappropriate disposal of industrial wastes both policy and the law was changed. The Deposit of Poisonous Wastes Act 1972^[5] together with The 1974 Local Government Act, made local government responsible for waste disposal and also responsible for environmental standards enforcement for waste disposal. Proposed landfill locations also needed to be justified not only by geography but also scientifically. Many European countries decided to select sites in groundwater free clay geological conditions or to seal each site with an engineered lining. In the wake of European advancements, the United States increased its development of leachate retaining and collection systems. This quickly led from lining in principle, into the use of multiple lining layers in all landfills (minus those truly inert).^[6]

Goals of leachate collection systems

The primary criterion for design of the leachate system is that all leachate be collected and removed from the landfill at a rate sufficient to prevent an unacceptable hydraulic head occurring at any point over the lining system.

Components of leachate collection systems

There are many components to a collection system including pumps, manholes, discharge lines and liquid level monitors. However, there are four main components which govern the overall efficiency of the system. These four elements are liners, filters, pumps and sumps.

Liners

Natural and synthetic liners may be utilized as both a collection device, and as a means for isolating leachate within the fill to protect the soil and groundwater below. The chief concern is a liners ability to maintain integrity and impermeability over the life of the landfill. Subsurface water monitoring, leachate collection, and clay liners are commonly included in the design and construction of a waste landfill. To effectively serve the purpose of containing leachate in a landfill, a liner system must possess a number of physical properties. The liner must have high tensile strength, flexibility, and elongation without failure. It is also important that the liner resists abrasion, puncture, and chemical degradation by leachate. Lastly the liner must withstand temperature variation, be black (to resist UV light), easily installed, and economical. There are several types of liners used in leachate control and collection. These types include geomembranes, geosynthetic clay liners, geotextiles, geogrids, geonets, and geocomposites. Each style of liner has specific uses and abilities. Geomembranes, are used to provide a barrier between mobile polluting substances released from wastes, and the groundwater. In the closing of landfills, geomembranes are used to provide a low-permeability cover barrier to prevent the intrusion of rain water. Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are fabricated by distributing sodium bentonite in a uniform thickness between woven and non-woven geotextiles. Sodium bentonite has a low permeability which makes GCLs a suitable alternative to clay liners in a composite liner system. Geotextiles are used as separation between two different types of soils to prevent contamination of the lower layer by the upper layer. Geotextiles also act as a cushion to protect synthetic layers against puncture from underlying and overlaying rocks. Geogrids are structural synthetic materials used in slope veneer stability to create stability for cover soils over synthetic liners or as soil reinforcement in steep slopes. Geonets are synthetic drainage materials which are often used in lieu of sand and gravel. Geonets can replace 12 inches of drainage sand, thus increasing the landfill space for waste. Geocomposites are a combination of synthetic materials ordinarily used singly. A common type of geocomposite is a geonet heat bonded to two layers of geotextile, one on each side. The geocomposite serves as a filter and drainage medium.

Geosynthetic clay liners are a type of combination liner. One advantage to using a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) is the ability to order exact amounts of the liner. Ordering precise amounts from the manufacturer prevents surplus and over-spending. Another advantage to GCL’s is the liner can serve appropriately in areas without an adequate clay source. Conversely, GCL’s are heavy, cumbersome, and installation is very labor intensive. In addition to be arduous and difficult under normal conditions, installation can be cancelled during damp conditions because the bentonite absorbs the water making it even more burdensome and tedious.

Leachate drainage system

The leachate drainage system is responsible for the collection and transport of the leachate collected inside the liner. The pipe dimensions, type, and layout must all be planned with the weight and pressure of waste, and transport vehicles in mind. The pipes are located on the floor of the cell. Above the network, lies an enormous amount of weight and pressure. To support this, the pipes can either be flexible or rigid. However, the joints to connect the pipes yield better results if the connections are flexible. An alternative to placing the collection system underneath the waste is to position the conduits in trenches or above grade.

The collection pipe network of a leachate collection system drains, collects, and transports leachate through the drainage layer to a collection sump where it is removed for treatment or disposal. The pipes also serve as drains within the drainage layer to minimize the mounding of leachate in the layer. this pipe are designed with cuts which are inclined to 120 digre which prevents entry of solid particles in it. ^[7]

Filters

The filter layer is used above the drainage layer in leachate collection. There are two types of filters typically used in engineering practices: granular and geotextile. Granular filters consist of one or more soil layer or multiple layers having a coarser gradation in the direction of the seepage than the soil to be protected.

Sumps or leachate well

As liquid enters the landfill cell, it moves down the filter, passes through the pipe network, and rests in the sump. As collection systems are planned, the number, location, and size of the sumps are vital to an efficient operation. When designing sumps, the amount of leachate and liquid expected is the foremost concern. Areas in which rainfall is higher than average typically have larger sumps. A further criterion for sump planning is accounting for the pump capacity. The relationship of pump capacity and sump size is inversed. If the pump capacity is low, the volume of the sump should be larger than average. It is critical for the volume of the sump to be able to store the expected leachate between pumping cycles. This relationship helps maintain a healthy operation. Sump pumps can function with preset phase times. If the flow is not predictable, a predetermined leachate height level can automatically switch the system on. Other conditions for sump planning are maintenance and pump drawdown. Collection pipes typically convey the leachate by gravity to one or more sumps, depending upon the size of the area drained. Leachate collected in the sump is removed by pumping to a vehicle, to a holding facility for subsequent vehicle pickup, or to an on-site treatment facility. Sump dimensions are governed by the amount of leachate to be stored, pump capacity, and minimum pump drawdown. The volume of the sump must be sufficient of hold the maximum amount of leachate anticipated between pump cycles, plus an additional volume equal to the minimum pump drawdown volume. Sump size should also consider dimensional requirements for conducting maintenance and inspection activities. Sump pumps may operate with preset cycling times or, if leachate flow is less predictable, the pump may be automatically switched on when the leachate reaches a predetermined level.

Membrane and collection for treatment

More modern landfills in the developed world have some form of membrane separating the waste from the surrounding ground and in such sites there is often a leachate collection series of pipes laid on the membrane to convey the leachate to a collection or treatment location. For an example of a treatment system with only minor membrane use, see Nantmel Landfill Site.

All membranes are porous to some limited extent so that over time low volumes of leachate will cross the membrane. The design of landfill membranes is at such low volumes that they should never have a measurable adverse impact on the quality of the receiving groundwater. A more significant risk may be the failure or abandonment of the leachate collection system. Such systems are prone to internal failure as landfills suffer large internal movements as waste decomposes unevenly and thus buckles and distorts pipes. If a leachate collection system fails, leachate levels will slowly build in a site and may even over-top the containing membrane and flow out into the environment. Rising leachate levels can also wet waste masses that have previously been dry triggering further active decomposition and leachate generation. Thus what appears to be a stabilised and inactive site can become re-activated and restart significant gas production and exhibit significant changes in finished ground levels.

Re-injection into landfill

One method of leachate management that was more common in uncontained sites was leachate re-circulation in which leachate was collected and re-injected into the waste mass. This process greatly accelerated decomposition and therefore gas production and had the impact of converting some leachate volume into landfill gas and reducing the overall volume of leachate for disposal. However it also tended to increase substantially the concentrations of contaminant materials making it a more difficult waste to treat.

Treatment

The most common method of handling collected leachate is on-site treatment. When treating leachate on site, the leachate is pumped from the sump into the treatment tanks. The leachate may then be mixed with chemical reagents to modify the pH and to coagulate and settle solids and to reduce the concentration of hazardous matter. Further treatment is typically a modified form of activated sludge to substantially reduce the dissolved organic content. Nutrient imbalance can cause difficulties in maintaining an effective biological treatment stage. The treated liquor is rarely of sufficient quality to be released to the environment and may be tankered or piped to a local sewage treatment facility.

Removal to sewer system

In some older landfills, leachate was directed to the sewers, but this can cause a number of problems. Toxic metals from leachate passing through the sewage treatment plant concentrate in the sewage sludge, making it difficult or dangerous to dispose of the sludge without incurring a risk to the environment. In Europe, regulations and controls have improved in recent decades and toxic wastes are now no longer permitted to be disposed of to the Municipal Solid Waste landfills, and in most developed countries the metals problem has diminished. Paradoxically, however, as sewage treatment works discharges are being improved throughout Europe and many other countries, the sewage treatment works operators are finding that leachates are difficult waste streams to treat. This is because leachates contain very high ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations, they are usually very acidic, they are often anoxic and, if received in large volumes relative to the incoming sewage flow, they lack the Phosphorus needed to prevent nutrient starvation for the biological communities that perform the sewage treatment processes. The result is that leachates are a difficult-to-treat waste stream. However, within aging municipal solid waste landfills, this may not be a problem as the pH returns close to neutral after the initial stage of acidogenic leachate decomposition. Many sewer undertakers limit maximum ammoniacal nitrogen^[8] concentration in their sewers to 250 mg/l to protect sewer maintenance workers, as the WHO's maximum occupational safety limit would be exceeded at above pH 9 to 10, which is often the highest permitted pH of permitted sewer discharges.

Many older leachate streams also contained a variety of synthetic organic species and their decomposition products, some of which had the potential to be acutely damaging to the environment.

Environmental impact

The risks from waste leachate are due to its high organic contaminant concentrations and high concentration of ammonia. Pathogenic microorganisms that might be present in it are often cited as the most important, but pathogenic organism counts reduce rapidly with time in the landfill, so this only applies to the most fresh leachate. Toxic substances may however be present in variable concentration and their presence is related to the nature of waste deposited.

Most landfills containing organic material will produce methane, some of which dissolves in the leachate. This could in theory be released in weakly ventilated areas in the treatment plant. All plants in Europe must now be assessed under the EU ATEX Directive and zoned where explosion risks are identified to prevent future accidents. The most important requirement is the prevention of discharge of dissolved methane from untreated leachate when it is discharged into public sewers, and most sewage treatment authorities limit the permissible discharge concentration of dissolved methane to 0.14 mg/l, or 1/10 of the lower explosive limit. This entails methane stripping from the leachate.

The greatest environmental risks occur in the discharges from older sites constructed before modern engineering standards became mandatory and also from sites in the developing world where modern standards have not been applied. There are also substantial risks from illegal sites and ad-hoc sites used by criminal gangs to dispose of waste materials. Leachate streams running directly into the aquatic environment have both an acute and chronic impact on the environment which may be very severe and can severely diminish bio-diversity and greatly reduce populations of sensitive species. Where toxic metals and organics are present this can lead to chronic toxin accumulation in both local and far distant populations. Rivers impacted by leachate are often yellow in appearance and often support severe overgrowths of sewage fungus.

Problems and Failures

Leachate collection systems can experience many problems including clogging with mud or silt. The clogging can be exacerbated by the growth of micro-organisms in the conduit. The conditions in leachate collection systems are ideal for micro-organisms to multiply. Chemical reactions in the leachate may also cause clogging through generation of solid residues. The chemical composition of leachate can weaken pipes walls which may fail.

Other types of leachate

Main article: Leaching (chemical science)

Leachate can also be produced from land that was contaminated by chemicals or toxic materials used in industrial activities such as factories, mines or storage sites. Composting sites in high rainfall also produce leachate.

Leachate is also associated with stockpiled coal and with waste materials from metal ore mining and other rock extraction processes, especially those in which sulphide containing materials are exposed to air and thus to oxygen generating acidic, sulphur-rich liquors, often with elevated metal concentrations.

In the context of civil engineering (more specifically reinforced concrete design), leachate refers to the effluent of pavement wash-off (that may include melting snow & ice with salt) that permeates through the cement paste onto the surface of the steel reinforcement, thereby catalyzing its oxidation and degradation. Leachates can be genotoxic in nature.^[9]

References

^ Henry, J.; Heinke, G. (1996) Environmental Science and Engineering, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-120650-8
^ DoE Report CWM039A+B/92 Young, A. (1992)
^ Washington State Departmentof Ecology, Solid Waste Landfill Design Manual
^ Present and Long-Term Composition of MSW Landfill Leachate: A Review "Peter Kjeldsen, Morton A. Barlaz, Alix P. Rooker, Anders Baun, Anna Ledin, and Thomas H. Christensen"
^ Hansard - The Deposit of Poisonous Wastes Act 1972
^ http://www.leachate.co.uk/html/an_introduction.html>.
^ Christensen, T. H., R. Cossu, and R. Stegmann, eds. Landfilling of waste leachate. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1992. Print
^ Dictionary of Environmental Science and Technology - Third Edition - Andrew Porteous - ISBN 0-471-63470-0, pg 25.
^ Singh A, Chandra S, Kumar Gupta S, Chauhan LK, Kumar Rath S.Mutagenicity of leachates from industrial solid wastes using Salmonella reverse mutation assay. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2007 Feb;66(2):210-6. Epub 2006 Apr 18.

External links

An introduction to leachate
Landfill Leachate
Free access leachate aeration system drafting software for diffusers
Solid waste. Washington Department of Ecology

English Journal

Anammox: An option for ammonium removal in bioreactor landfills.

Valencia R, Zon W, Woelders H, Lubberding HJ, Gijzen HJ.SourceUNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands.
Waste management (New York, N.Y.).Waste Manag.2011 Nov;31(11):2287-93. Epub 2011 Jul 26.
Experiments carried out in bioreactor landfill simulators demonstrated that more than 40% of the total N was transferred into the liquid and gas phases during the incubation period of 380days. Ammonium, an end product of protein degradation and important parameter to consider during landfill closure
PMID 21795036

Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at different phases of biodegradation.

Reddy KR, Hettiarachchi H, Gangathulasi J, Bogner JE.SourceDepartment of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
Waste management (New York, N.Y.).Waste Manag.2011 Nov;31(11):2275-86. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
This paper presents the results of laboratory investigation conducted to determine the variation of geotechnical properties of synthetic municipal solid waste (MSW) at different phases of degradation. Synthetic MSW samples were prepared based on the composition of MSW generated in the United States
PMID 21767939