生殖系列、生殖系の

関: gamete、germ cell、germ cell line、germ-line cell、germline

WordNet

a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
mark with lines; "sorrow had lined his face"
a length (straight or curved) without breadth or thickness; the trace of a moving point
a single frequency (or very narrow band) of radiation in a spectrum
reinforce with fabric; "lined books are more enduring"
a particular kind of product or merchandise; "a nice line of shoes" (同)product line, line of products, line of merchandise, business line, line of business
the road consisting of railroad track and roadbed (同)railway line, rail line
a commercial organization serving as a common carrier
acting in conformity; "in line with"; "he got out of line"; "toe the line"
something (as a cord or rope) that is long and thin and flexible; "a washing line"
a conceptual separation or distinction; "there is a narrow line between sanity and insanity" (同)dividing_line, demarcation, contrast
a formation of people or things one behind another; "the line stretched clear around the corner"; "you must wait in a long line at the checkout counter"
a formation of people or things one beside another; "the line of soldiers advanced with their bayonets fixed"; "they were arrayed in line of battle"; "the cast stood in line for the curtain call"
a fortified position (especially one marking the most forward position of troops); "they attacked the enemys line"
a mark that is long relative to its width; "He drew a line on the chart"
a spatial location defined by a real or imaginary unidimensional extent
in games or sports; a mark indicating positions or bounds of the playing area
persuasive but insincere talk that is usually intended to deceive or impress; "`let me show you my etchings is a rather worn line"; "he has a smooth line but I didnt fall for it"; "that salesman must have practiced his fast line of talk"
text consisting of a row of words written across a page or computer screen; "the letter consisted of three short lines"; "there are six lines in every stanza"
be in line with; form a line along; "trees line the riverbank" (同)run along
cover the interior of; "line the gloves"; "line a chimney"
fill plentifully; "line ones pockets"
providing something with a surface of a different material (同)facing
a protective covering that protects an inside surface (同)liner
the act of attaching an inside lining (to a garment or curtain etc.)
a small apparently simple structure (as a fertilized egg) from which new tissue can develop into a complete organism
having a lining or a liner; often used in combination; "a lined skirt"; "a silk-lined jacket"
(used especially of skin) marked by lines or seams; "their lined faces were immeasurably sad"; "a seamed face" (同)seamed
bordered by a line of things; "tree lined streets"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(細胞の)配偶子
『線』,筋,けい / (色・縫い目などの)『線』,しま;(顔・手などの)しわ(wrinkle) / (物・人の)『列』,行列(row) / 『綱』,糸,針金 / 電線,電話線,電信線 / (文章の)『行』;(詩の)『行』 / 《しばしばa~》《話》『短い手紙』(note) / 《複数形で》輪郭,外形(outline) / 境界線(boundary);限界,限度(limit) / (鉄道・バスなどの)路線;航路,空路 / 《複数形で》せりふ / 進路,道順(course);(考えなどの)筋道,方針 / 《しばしばone's~》(活動の)分野,方面;特意 / 家系,血統,血筋 / 在庫商品,仕入れ品 / 導管,パイプライン / 《しばしば複数形で》戦線,防御線 / …‘に'『線を引く』,筋(しま,しわ)をつける / …‘に'『沿って並ぶ;』(…を)…‘に'沿って並べる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
(材料で)〈着物など〉‘に'裏を付ける《+『名』『with』+『名』》 / (…で)…‘を'満たす,(…を)…‘に'詰め込む《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
〈U〉(服などの)裏張り,裏塗り / 〈U〉裏地,裏材
細菌,ばい菌 / (植物の)胚(はい),幼芽;(動物の)卵子 / 原因;(発達の)初期

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/17 07:56:29」(JST)

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Cormlets of Watsonia meriana, an example of apomixis

Clathria tuberosa, an example of a sponge that can grow indefinitely from somatic tissue and reconstitute itself from totipotent separated somatic cells

In biology and genetics, the germline in a multicellular organism is that population of its bodily cells that are so differentiated or segregated that in the usual processes of reproduction they may pass on their genetic material to the progeny.^[1]

As a rule this passing on happens via a process of sexual reproduction; typically it is a process that includes systematic changes to the genetic material, changes that arise during recombination, meiosis and fertilization or syngamy for example. However, there are many exceptions, including processes and concepts such as various forms of apomixis, autogamy, automixis, cloning, or parthenogenesis.^[2]^[3] The cells of the germline commonly are called germ cells.^[4]

For example, gametes such as the sperm or the egg are part of the germline. So are the cells that divide to produce the gametes, called gametocytes, the cells that produce those, called gametogonia, and all the way back to the zygote, the cell from which the individual developed.^[4]

In sexually reproducing organisms, cells that are not in the germline are called somatic cells. The term refers to all of the cells of body apart from the gametes. According to this view mutations, recombinations and other genetic changes in the germline may be passed to offspring, but a change in a somatic cell will not be.^[5] This need not apply to somatically reproducing organisms, such as some Porifera^[6] and many plants. For example, many varieties of citrus,^[7] plants in the Rosaceae and some in the Asteraceae, such as Taraxacum produce seeds apomictically when somatic diploid cells displace the ovule or early embryo.^[8]

As August Weismann proposed and pointed out, a germline cell is immortal in the sense that it is part of a lineage that has reproduced indefinitely since the beginning of life and, barring accident could continue doing so indefinitely.^[9] Somatic cells of most organisms however, can only approach any such capability to a limited extent and under special conditions. It is now known in some detail that this distinction between somatic and germ cells is partly artificial and depends on particular circumstances and internal cellular mechanisms such as telomeres and controls such as the selective application of telomerase in germ cells, stem cells and the like.^[10] Weismann however worked long before such mechanisms were known, let alone epigenetic mechanisms or even the genetic role of chromosomes, and he believed that there was some clear qualitative difference between germ cells and somatic cells, though he did realise that the somatic cells differentiated from the germ cells.^[9] Many of his views necessarily changed during his life, and some of the resulting inconsistencies were discussed in depth by George Romanes.^[11] However Weismann was under no illusions concerning the limitations of his ideas in the absence of hard data concerning the nature of the systems he was speculating on or studying, and he discussed the limitations frankly and analytically.^[9]

Not all multicellular organisms differentiate into somatic and germ lines, but in the absence of specialised technical human intervention practically all but the simplest multicellular structures do so. In such organisms somatic cells tend to be practically totipotent, and for over a century sponge cells have been known to reassemble into new sponges after having been separated by forcing them through a sieve.^[6]

Germline can refer to a lineage of cells spanning many generations of individuals—for example, the germline that links any living individual to the hypothetical last universal ancestor, from which all plants and animals descend.

References

^ Pieter Dirk Nieuwkoop; Lien A. Sutasurya (1979). Primordial Germ Cells in the Chordates: Embryogenesis and Phylogenesis. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-22303-4.
^ Juan J. Tarin; Antonio Cano (14 September 2000). Fertilization in Protozoa and Metazoan Animals: Cellular and Molecular Aspects. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-67093-3.
^ Andrew Lowe; Stephen Harris; Paul Ashton (1 April 2009). Ecological Genetics: Design, Analysis, and Application. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 108–. ISBN 978-1-4443-1121-1.
^ ^a ^b Nikolas Zagris; Anne Marie Duprat; Antony Durston (30 November 1995). Organization of the Early Vertebrate Embryo. Springer. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-0-306-45132-4.
^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Mutation. ed. E.Monosson and C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
^ ^a ^b Brusca, Richard C. & Brusca, Gary J. (1990). Invertebrates. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0878930981.
^ Akira Wakana and Shunpei Uemoto. Adventive Embryogenesis in Citrus (Rutaceae). II. Postfertilization Development. American Journal of Botany Vol. 75, No. 7 (Jul., 1988), pp. 1033-1047 Published by: Botanical Society of America Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443771
^ K V Ed Peter (5 February 2009). Basics Of Horticulture. New India Publishing. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-81-89422-55-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c August Weismann (1892). Essays upon heredity and kindred biological problems. Clarendon press.
^ Watt, F. M. and B. L. M. Hogan. 2000 Out of Eden: Stem Cells and Their Niches Science 287:1427-1430.
^ Romanes, George John. An examination of Weismannism. The Open court publishing company in Chicago 1893 [1]

UpToDate Contents

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1. 遺伝性疾患の基本原則 basic principles of genetic disease
2. 遺伝学：用語集 genetics glossary of terms
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4. 分子遺伝学の原理 principles of molecular genetics
5. 単一遺伝子疾患（メンデル遺伝病とそれ以外の遺伝病）の遺伝パターン inheritance patterns of monogenic disorders mendelian and non mendelian

English Journal

How does fluorescent labeling affect the binding kinetics of proteins with intact cells?

Yin L1, Wang W2, Wang S3, Zhang F3, Zhang S4, Tao N5.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 Apr 15;66:412-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.11.036. Epub 2014 Nov 22.
Fluorescent labeling is a mainstream technology for detecting molecular binding. Despite the importance, few studies have been devoted to quantitatively examine the effect of labeling on the molecular binding processes. Here we present a quantitative study on the binding kinetics of fluorescent-labe
PMID 25486538

Mouse dead end 1-β interacts with c-Jun and stimulates activator protein 1 transactivation.

Zhang Y1, Su YL1, Li LS2, Yang Z1, Chen S1, Xiong J1, Fu XH1, Peng XN1.
Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2015 Mar;11(3):1701-7. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2950. Epub 2014 Nov 14.
Dead end 1 (Dnd1), important for maintaining the viability of primordial germ cells, is the first protein containing an RNA recognition motif that has been directly implicated as a heritable cause of spontaneous tumorigenesis. In the present study, c-Jun was identified through yeast two-hybrid scree
PMID 25405725

Clinical outcomes in pancreatic adenocarcinoma associated with BRCA-2 mutation.

Vyas O1, Leung K, Ledbetter L, Kaley K, Rodriguez T, Garcon MC, Saif MW.
Anti-cancer drugs.Anticancer Drugs.2015 Feb;26(2):224-6. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000178.
Patients with BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 germ line mutations are at an increased risk of developing pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC). In particular, the BRCA-2 mutation has been associated with a relative risk of developing PAC of 3.51. The BRCA-2 protein is involved in repair of double-stranded DNA breaks. R
PMID 25304989

Japanese Journal

シンポジウム9「精巣腫瘍診療ガイドラインを検証する｣ : 座長の言葉<第61回日本泌尿器科学会中部総会>

野々村祝夫,東治人
泌尿器科紀要 58(12), 713-714, 2012-12-00
… In this symposium, five doctors gave lectures consisting of the following contents in which they validated the guidelines and gave concrete clinical practice examples through cases they had experienced themselves with regards to the treatment strategies for (1) stage I patients, (2) patients with advanced cancer and (3) patients with extragonadal germ cell tumors. …
NAID 120005147827

Analysis of localization and reorganization of germ plasm in Xenopus transgenic line with fluorescence-labeled mitochondria

Taguchi Ayaka,Takii Miki,Motoishi Minako [他]
Development, growth & differentiation 54(8), 767-776, 2012-10-00
NAID 40019466654

Targeted disruption of exogenous EGFP gene in medaka using zinc-finger nucleases

Ansai Satoshi,Ochiai Hiroshi,Kanie Yuta [他]
Development, growth & differentiation 54(5), 546-556, 2012-06-00
NAID 40019329817

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「生殖系列」「gamete」「germ cell」「germ cell line」「germline」
拡張検索	「germ-line cell」「germ-line mutation」
関連記事	「LINE」「line」「germ」「lining」

「生殖系列」

　　[★]

英: germline、germ line、germ cell line
関: 性細胞、生殖細胞系列、配偶子、生殖系、生殖系列細胞

「gamete」

　　[★]

配偶子、生殖体

関: gametic、germ cell、germ line、germ-line cell

「germ cell」

　　[★]

生殖細胞、性細胞、胚細胞

関: gamete、germ line、germ-line cell

「germ cell line」

　　[★]

生殖細胞系列、生殖系列

関: germ line、germline

「germline」

　　[★]

生殖系列

関: germ cell line、germ line

「germ-line cell」

　　[★]

生殖系列細胞、生殖系細胞

関: gamete、germ cell、germ line

「germ-line mutation」

　　[★]

生殖細胞系列変異

関: germline mutation

「LINE」

　　[★]

日: 長い散在反復配列、長散在型反復配列、長い散在性反復配列、ライン、広範囲散在反復配列
英: long interspersed nuclear element, long interspersed nucleotide element, long interspersed element, long interspersed repetitive elements, LINEs, long interspersed repeat sequences
関: レトロトランスポゾン

quoted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_interspersed_nucleotide_elements#LINEs

Long interspersed nuclear elements[8] are a group of genetic elements that are found in large numbers in eukaryotic genomes. They are transcribed (or are the evolutionary remains of what was once transcribed) to an RNA using an RNA polymerase II promoter that resides inside the LINE. LINEs code for the enzyme reverse transcriptase, and many LINEs also code for an endonuclease (e.g. RNase H). The reverse transcriptase has a higher specificity for the LINE RNA than other RNA, and makes a DNA copy of the RNA that can be integrated into the genome at a new site.

The 5' UTR contains the promoter sequence, while the 3' UTR contains a polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) and a poly-A tail.[10] Because LINEs move by copying themselves (instead of moving, like transposons do), they enlarge the genome. The human genome, for example, contains about 20,000-40,000 LINEs, which is roughly 21% of the genome.