n.

胚

WordNet

(botany) a minute rudimentary plant contained within a seed or an archegonium
an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life (同)conceptus, fertilized_egg
in an early stage of development; "the embryonic government staffed by survivors of the massacre"; "an embryonic nation, not yet self-governing" (同)embryotic
of an organism prior to birth or hatching; "in the embryonic stage"; "embryologic development" (同)embryologic, embryonal
a small apparently simple structure (as a fertilized egg) from which new tissue can develop into a complete organism
of or relating to a fetus; "fetal development" (同)foetal
a physician who specializes in embryology

PrepTutorEJDIC

胎児 / 発達の初期 / 胎児の,胚の / 未発達の,初期の
=embryo
細菌,ばい菌 / (植物の)胚(はい),幼芽;(動物の)卵子 / 原因;(発達の)初期

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/16 15:30:02」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

この項目では、Dir en greyのシングルについて記述しています。その他の用法については「エンブリオ」をご覧ください。

DIR EN GREY > ディスコグラフィ > embryo

「embryo」（エンブリオ）はDir en greyのメジャー12枚目のシングル。

概説[編集]

2ヶ月連続リリースシングルの第2弾。テレビ東京系「たけしの誰でもピカソ」エンディングテーマに起用された。

作曲者の薫によると、当初のギター、ベース、ドラム、仮歌が入ったのを聞いて、まったく違う感じのフレーズのギターを弾いてみたところ、雰囲気がかなり変わり現在の形に落ち着いたとのこと。

当初はタイトル(embryo=胎児)に絡んだ詞が存在していたが、シングルとしてプロモーションするには内容が「有り得ない」という理由から、書き直された。そのため、この曲にはシングル用とアルバム用の2つの歌詞が存在する。元の詞は、アルバム『鬼葬』に収録されている。

曲目[編集]

embryo
(詞:京　曲：薫編曲:Dir en grey)

ポエム・リーディングのような歌い方をしている。今作の歌詞は、元の歌詞がその内容から規制された事についての「こうやって自由が無くなるんだ」という怒りや悲しみを書きなぐっただけと語っている。
ZOMBOID　零式MIX
(Remixed by 薫、Toshiya&Shinya)

アルバム『鬼葬』収録曲ではあるものの、アルバム発売前にオリジナルよりも先行してリミックス音源を収録している。アコースティック・ギターとベース、打ち込みにより作られている。オリジナル部分は曲の中盤に、一瞬現れる。
embryo　ウテウテブギウギ哀歌エレジー
(Remixed by 京＆Die)

「ZOMBOID」と同じく、オリジナルのものとは大幅に異なるリミックスをしており、青い山脈のメロディをベースにエフェクトのかかった歌が乗せられている。

この「Embryo」は、シングルに関連する書きかけ項目です。加筆、訂正などして下さる協力者を求めています（P:音楽/PJ 楽曲）。

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Embryo (disambiguation).

Embryo

Embryos (and one tadpole) of the wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa)
Code	TE E1.0.2.6.4.0.8

An embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination. In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization (i.e. ten weeks after the last menstrual period or LMP), and from then it is instead called a fetus.

The development of the embryo is called embryogenesis. In organisms that reproduce sexually, once a sperm fertilizes an egg cell, the result is a cell called the zygote, which possesses half the DNA of each of its two parents. In plants, animals, and some protists, the zygote will begin to divide by mitosis to produce a multicellular organism. The result of this process is an embryo.

Etymology[edit]

First attested in English in the mid-14c., the word embryon derives from Medieval Latin embryo, itself from Greek ἔμβρυον (embruon), plural ἔμβρυα (embrua), lit. "young one",^[1] which is the neuter of ἔμβρυος (embruos), lit. "growing in",^[2] from ἐν (en), "in"^[3] + βρύω (bruō), "swell, be full";^[4] the proper Latinised form of the Greek term would be embryum.

Human[edit]

At left is an embryo 4 weeks after fertilization (i.e. 6 weeks LMP). At right is a fetus 8 weeks after fertilization (i.e. 10 weeks LMP).

A six-week embryonic age or eight-week gestational age human embryo

A 10mm embryo from an ectopic pregnancy, not having passed through in the oviduct (fallopian tube) successfully. This embryo is about five weeks old (or from the 7th week of pregnancy).

See also: Human embryogenesis and Prenatal development

Week 1–3: 5–7 days after fertilization, the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus (endometrium). When it comes into contact with the endometrium it performs implantation. Implantation connections between the mother and the embryo will begin to form, including the umbilical cord. The embryo's growth centers around an axis, which will become the spine and spinal cord. The brain, spinal cord, heart, and gastrointestinal tract begin to form.^[5]

Week 4–5: Chemicals produced by the embryo stop the woman's menstrual cycle. Neurogenesis is underway, showing brain activity at about the 6th week.^[6] The heart will begin to beat around the same time. Limb buds appear where arms and legs will grow later. Organogenesis begins. The head represents about one half of the embryo's axial length, and more than half of the embryo's mass. The brain develops into five areas. Tissue formation occurs that develops into the vertebra and some other bones. The heart starts to beat and blood starts to flow.^[5]

Week 6–8: Myogenesis and neurogenesis have progressed to where the embryo is capable of motion, and the eyes begin to form. Organogenesis and growth continue. Hair has started to form along with all essential organs. Facial features are beginning to develop. At the end of the 8th week, the embryonic stage is over, and the fetal stage begins.^[5]

Miscarriage[edit]

Induced abortion[edit]

Use in ART and diagnosis[edit]

Embryos are used in various techniques of assisted reproductive technology, such as in vitro fertilization and embryo donation. They may be subject to embryo cryopreservation for later use if IVF procedures have resulted in more embryos than is currently needed. Some aspects, e.g. selective reduction, are issues in the beginning of pregnancy controversy.

Prenatal diagnosis or preimplantation diagnosis involves testing embryos for diseases or conditions.

Viability[edit]

Current medical technology does not allow an embryo to survive outside the uterus under any circumstances, or to be transplanted from the uterus of one woman to that of another.^[16] A human embryo is therefore not considered viable.

Research[edit]

Human embryos are being researched to determine their use in treating diseases. Their use in stem cell research, reproductive cloning, and germline engineering are currently being explored. The morality of this type of research is debated because an embryo is often used.^[17]^[18]^[19]

Other animals[edit]

In animals, the development of the zygote into an embryo proceeds through specific recognizable stages of blastula, gastrula, and organogenesis. The blastula stage typically features a fluid-filled cavity, the blastocoel, surrounded by a sphere or sheet of cells, also called blastomeres. The embryo of a placental mammal is defined as the organism between the first division of the zygote (a fertilized ovum) until it becomes a fetus. An ovum is fertilized in a fallopian tube through which it travels into the uterus. In humans, the embryo is defined as the product of conception after it is implanted in the uterus wall through the eighth week of development. An embryo is called a fetus at a more advanced stage of development and up until birth or hatching. In humans, this is from the eighth week of gestation. However, animals which develop in eggs outside the mother's body are usually referred to as embryos throughout development, e.g. one would refer to a chick embryo, not a "chick fetus" even at late stages.

During gastrulation the cells of the blastula undergo coordinated processes of cell division, invasion, and/or migration to form two (diploblastic) or three (triploblastic) tissue layers. In triploblastic organisms, the three germ layers are called endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. The position and arrangement of the germ layers are highly species-specific, however, depending on the type of embryo produced. In vertebrates, a special population of embryonic cells called the neural crest has been proposed as a "fourth germ layer", and is thought to have been an important novelty in the evolution of head structures.

During organogenesis, molecular and cellular interactions between germ layers, combined with the cells' developmental potential, or competence to respond, prompt the further differentiation of organ-specific cell types.^{[citation needed]} For example, in neurogenesis, a subpopulation of ectoderm cells is set aside to become the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Modern developmental biology is extensively probing the molecular basis for every type of organogenesis, including angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones), chondrogenesis (cartilage), myogenesis (muscle), osteogenesis (bone), and many others.

Generally, if a structure pre-dates another structure in evolutionary terms, then it often appears earlier than the second in an embryo; this general observation is sometimes summarized by the phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny".^[20] For example, the backbone is a common structure among all vertebrates such as fish, reptiles, and mammals, and the backbone also appears as one of the earliest structures laid out in all vertebrate embryos. The cerebrum in humans, which is the most sophisticated part of the brain, develops last. This sequencing rule is not absolute, but it is recognized as being partly applicable to development of the human embryo.

Fossilised animals[edit]

Main article: Fossil embryos

Fossilised animal embryos are known from the Precambrian, and are found in great numbers during the Cambrian period. Even fossilised dinosaur embryos have been discovered.

Plant embryos[edit]

Further information: Sporophyte

The inside of a Ginkgo seed, showing the embryo

In botany, a seed plant embryo is part of a seed, consisting of precursor tissues for the leaves, stem (see hypocotyl), and root (see radicle), as well as one or more cotyledons. Once the embryo begins to germinate — grow out from the seed — it is called a seedling (plantlet). Plants that do not produce seeds, but do produce an embryo, include the bryophytes and ferns. In these plants, the embryo is a young plant that grows attached to a parental gametophyte.

Notes[edit]

^ ἔμβρυον, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ ἔμβρυος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ ἐν, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ βρύω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ ^a ^b ^c NIH Medical Encyclopedia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002398.htm
^ Gazzaniga, Mike S.The Ethical Brain "not until the end of week 5 and into week 6 (usually around forty to forty-three days) does the first electrical brain activity begin to occur. This activity, however, is not coherent activity of the kind that underlies human consciousness, or even the coherent activity seen in a shrimp's nervous system."
^ Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR (1999). "Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy.". New England Journal of Medicine 340 (23): 1796–1799. doi:10.1056/NEJM199906103402304. PMID 10362823.
^ ^a ^b Wang X, Chen C, Wang L, Chen D, Guang W, French J (2003). "Conception, early pregnancy loss, and time to clinical pregnancy: a population-based prospective study.". Fertil Steril 79 (3): 577–84. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(02)04694-0. PMID 12620443.
^ Rodeck, Charles; Whittle, Martin. Medicine: Basic Science and Clinical Practice (Elsevier Health Sciences 1999), p. 835.
^ Stöppler, Melissa Conrad; William C. Shiel, Jr., ed. "Miscarriage (Spontaneous Abortion)". MedicineNet.com. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
^ ^a ^b Jauniaux, E.; P. Kaminopetros and H. El-Rafaey (1999). "Early pregnancy loss". In Martin J. Whittle and C. H. Rodeck. Fetal medicine: basic science and clinical practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 837. ISBN 0-443-05357-X. OCLC 42792567.
^ Department of Health (2007). "Abortion statistics, England and Wales: 2006". Retrieved 2007-10-12. "68% were at under 10 weeks"
^ Healthwise (2004). "Manual and vacuum aspiration for abortion". WebMD. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
^ Bankole, Akinrinola, Singh, Susheela, & Haas, Taylor. (1998).Reasons Why Women Have Induced Abortions: Evidence from 27 Countries. International Family Planning Perspectives, 24 (3), 117–127 & 152. Retrieved 2006-01-18.
^ Finer, Lawrence B., Frohwirth, Lori F., Dauphinee, Lindsay A., Singh, Shusheela, & Moore, Ann M. (2005).Reasons U.S. women have abortions: quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37 (3), 110–8. Retrieved 2006-01-18.
^ Rumbold, Graham. Ethics in nursing practice, p. 120 (Elsevier Health Sciences 1999).
^ Freedman, Jeri. "America Debates Stem Cell Research." New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008.
^ Sandel, Michael J. "The Case Against Perfection." Michael J. Sandel, 2007.
^ Zavos, Panayiotis. “Reproductive Cloning is Moral.” Ed. James Woodward. The Ethics of Human Cloning: At Issue. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven, 2005. 14–24.
^ Gould, Stephen. Ontogeny and Philogeny, p. 206 (1977): "recapitulation was not 'disproved'; it could not be, for too many well-established cases fit its expectations."

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Embryology.

UNSW Embryology - Educational website
A Comparative Embryology Gallery
4-H Embryology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension in Lancaster County

Preceded by Zygote	Stages of human development Embryo	Succeeded by Fetus

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 体外受精（IFV） in vitro fertilization
2. 妊娠期間の出生前評価 prenatal assessment of gestational age
3. 死後生殖（PAR） posthumous assisted reproduction
4. 卵細胞質内精子注入法 intracytoplasmic sperm injection
5. 産科におけるアレイ比較ゲノムハイブリダイゼーション（aCGH）の利用 use of array comparative genomic hybridization acgh in obstetrics

English Journal

Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) family localized in chorionic cells within the epitheliochorial/diffuse placenta of the alpaca (Lama pacos).

Majewska M, Panasiewicz G, Szafranska B.SourceDepartment of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
Acta histochemica.Acta Histochem.2011 Sep;113(5):570-7. Epub 2010 Jul 24.
Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are abundant embryo-originated products expressed in the pre-placental trophoblast and later in the post-implantational chorionic epithelium of some ungulate species. This paper describes the cellular immunolocalization of the chorionic PAG family in the epi
PMID 20656339

Sea urchin embryos as a model system for studying autophagy induced by cadmium stress.

Chiarelli R, Agnello M, Roccheri MC.SourceDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (sez. Biologia Cellulare); Universita degli Studi di Palermo; Palermo, Italy.
Autophagy.Autophagy.2011 Sep 1;7(9). [Epub ahead of print]
It is well known that sea urchin embryos are able to activate different defense strategies against stress. We previously demonstrated that cadmium treatment triggers the accumulation of metal in embryonic cells and the activation of defense systems depending on concentration and exposure time, throu
PMID 21628995

The Clp protease system; a central component of the chloroplast protease network.

Olinares PD, Kim J, van Wijk KJ.AbstractIntra-plastid proteases play crucial and diverse roles in the development and maintenance of non-photosynthetic plastids and chloroplasts. Formation and maintenance of a functional thylakoid electron transport chain requires various protease activities, operating in parallel, as well as in series. This review first provides a short, referenced overview of all experimentally identified plastid proteases in Arabidopsis thaliana. We then focus on the Clp protease system which constitutes the most abundant and complex soluble protease system in the plastid, consisting of 15 nuclear-encoded members and one plastid-encoded member in Arabidopsis. Comparisons to the simpler Clp system in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic bacteria will be made and the role of Clp proteases in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii will be briefly reviewed. Extensive molecular genetics has shown that the Clp system plays an essential role in Arabidopsis chloroplast development in the embryo as well as in leaves. Molecular characterization of the various Clp mutants has elucidated many of the consequences of loss of Clp activities. We summarize and discuss the structural and functional aspects of the Clp machinery, including progress on substrate identification and recognition. Finally, the Clp system will be evaluated in the context of the chloroplast protease network. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of Electron Transport in Chloroplasts.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2011 Aug;1807(8):999-1011. Epub 2010 Dec 15.
Intra-plastid proteases play crucial and diverse roles in the development and maintenance of non-photosynthetic plastids and chloroplasts. Formation and maintenance of a functional thylakoid electron transport chain requires various protease activities, operating in parallel, as well as in series. T
PMID 21167127

Japanese Journal

Developmental Stages in the Wild Medaka, Oryzias latipes

Iwamatsu Takashi
愛知教育大学研究報告. 自然科学編 60, 71-81, 2011-03-01
Unfertilized eggs of wild type medaka, Oryzias latipes, were artificially inseminated and incubated at 26± 1℃. Careful observation of the process of embryonic development by light microscopy allowed d …
NAID 120002954862

ニワトリ胚動脈平滑筋の収縮性線維束の偏在と細胞外線維構造におけるフィブロネクチン分布

神宮司洋一,田中秀幸
群馬県立県民健康科学大学紀要 6, 3-19, 2011-03
ふ卵5日目から20日目のニワトリ胚動脈の中膜平滑筋における収縮性線維束の分布と細胞外のフィブロネクチン分布様式との関係を,電子顕微鏡と蛍光染色法によって調べた.5日目から17日目胚の平滑筋では,アクチン線維を含む線維束が細胞長軸に沿って伸びるとともに,内皮側に偏って位置していた.平滑筋の線維束が細胞膜に付着する場所の外側には細胞外の微細線維も付着していたが,この微細線維は中膜全体ではほぼ均一に分布 …
NAID 110008148663

(4)トロフィニンに着目した子宮内膜の機能調節とトランスレーショナルリサーチ(シンポジウム2「子宮内膜の機能調節とその病態」,第62回日本産科婦人科学会・学術講演会)

杉原一廣
日本産科婦人科學會雜誌 63(1), 105-114, 2011-01-01
… The process of human embryo implantation is initiated by an apical adhesion between two epithelia, trophectoderm and endometrial epithelial cells. … The use of SNG-M cells will enable us to define mechanisms underlying adhesion-dependent apoptosis of human endometrial epithelial cells occurring in the process of human embryo implantation. …
NAID 110008440737

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「胎児」「胚」「embryonic」「fetal」「germ」
拡張検索	「embryonal carcinoma stem cell」「embryonic ectoderm」

「胎児」

「embryo」
Dir en grey のシングル
収録アルバム	鬼葬
B面	ZOMBOID　零式MIX; embryo　ウテウテブギウギ哀歌エレジー
リリース	2001年12月19日
ジャンル	ロック
時間	14分08秒
レーベル	FIREWALL DIV.
作詞・作曲	京、薫
プロデュース	Dir en grey
チャート最高順位
	6位（オリコン）;
Dir en grey シングル年表

　　[★]

英: fetus
関: 胎児の発生

産科学：妊娠8週以降の児を指す。

区別すること！！

成長

頭殿長
体重

およそのめやすね。正確ではない。(SPE.68)

25週： 750g

30週：1500g

35週：2000g　←だいたい2200gだけど

40週：3000g

25週から5週間で2倍、30週から10週で2倍

循環器

胎児心拍動は妊娠6週で認められ、妊娠7週目では100%確認できる。(G10M.6 QB.P-209)

感覚系

妊娠10週ごろから刺激に反応して口、指、趾、目を動かす。(NGY.285)

聴覚

妊娠中期には聴覚が発達。(NGY.285)
妊娠28-30週(妊娠後期の始め)には音の刺激により心拍数が増加。(QB.P-190)

胎児の成長

G10M.6改変

妊娠月数 (月)	妊娠週数 (週)	胎児のイベント
1	2	肺胞期に着床(受精後6日後)
2	5	中枢神経系、心臓形成開始
	6	肺形成開始
	7	胚形成、胎盤形成開始
3	9	胎児心拍最速(170-180bpm)
	10	躯幹と四肢の運動が超音波で測定可能
	11	外陰の性差が決まる(が超音波では分からない)
4	12	排尿が超音波で観察可能、胎便形成開始。
4	15	胎盤完成。呼吸様運動が不規則に観察可能(10週から始まっているが観察は容易ではない)。
5	16	嚥下が超音波で観察可能。　→　胎盤完成以降に羊水量が(急に)増えるが、嚥下が観察可能になるのはこれと関係ある？
	17	外陰の性差が超音波で観察可能
	18	胎動を感ずる(18-20週)
6	20	肺サーファクタント産生開始
7	26	肺の構造完成
8	28	肺サーファクタント増加
9	34	胚が成熟、腎の発生完了