コラテラルダメージ、付帯的損害

WordNet

suffer or be susceptible to damage; "These fine china cups damage easily"
inflict damage upon; "The snow damaged the roof"; "She damaged the car when she hit the tree"
the act of damaging something or someone (同)harm, hurt, scathe
loss of military equipment (同)equipment casualty
the occurrence of a change for the worse (同)harm, impairment
situated or running side by side; "collateral ridges of mountains"
a security pledged for the repayment of a loan
serving to support or corroborate; "collateral evidence" (同)confirmative, confirming, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating, substantiative, validating, validatory, verificatory, verifying
descended from a common ancestor but through different lines; "cousins are collateral relatives"; "an indirect descendant of the Stuarts" (同)indirect
accompany, concomitant; "collateral target damage from a bombing run"
designed or tending to discredit, especially without positive or helpful suggestions; "negative criticism" (同)negative
(sometimes followed by `to' (同)detrimental, prejudicial, prejudicious
harmed or injured or spoiled; "I wont buy damaged goods"; "the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings"
a sum of money paid in compensation for loss or injury (同)amends, indemnity, indemnification, restitution, redress

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『損害』,損傷,被害 / 《複数形で》損害賠障[金] / 《the~》《単数形で》《話》飛用 / …‘に'損傷する
並び合った / 二次的な,付随的な(secondary) / 証券類を担保とした / 傍系の,直系でない / 担保,低当,見返り物資

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/09 20:10:17」(JST)

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For other uses, see Collateral damage (disambiguation).

Collateral damage is damage to things that are incidental to the intended target. It is frequently used as a military term where it can refer to the incidental destruction of civilian property and non-combatant casualties.^[1]^[2]

Etymology [edit]

The word "collateral" comes from medieval Latin collateralis, from col-, "together with" + lateralis (from latus, later-, "side" ) and is otherwise mainly used as a synonym for "parallel" or "additional" in certain expressions ("collateral veins" run parallel to each other and "collateral security" means additional security to the main obligation in a contract). The first known usage of the term "collateral damage" in this context occurred in a May 1961 article written by T. C. Schelling entitled "DISPERSAL, DETERRENCE, AND DAMAGE".^[3]

The USAF Intelligence Targeting Guide defines the term "[the] unintentional damage or incidental damage affecting facilities, equipment, or personnel, occurring as a result of military actions directed against targeted enemy forces or facilities. Such damage can occur to friendly, neutral, and even enemy forces".^[1] Another United States Department of Defense document uses "Unintentional or incidental injury or damage to persons or objects that would not be lawful military targets in the circumstances ruling at the time. Such damage is not unlawful so long as it is not excessive in light of the overall military advantage anticipated from the attack."^[4]

Intent is the key element in understanding the military definition as it relates to target selection and prosecution. Collateral damage is damage aside from that which was intended. Since the dawn of precision guided munitions, military "targeteers" and operations personnel are often considered to have gone to great lengths to minimize collateral damage.^[5]

Non-military uses of the phrase [edit]

The term 'collateral damage' has also been borrowed by the computing community to refer to the denial of service to legitimate users when administrators take blanket preventative measures against some individuals who are abusing systems. For example, Realtime Blackhole Lists used to combat email spam generally block ranges of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses rather than individual IPs associated with spam, and can deny legitimate users within those ranges the ability to send email to some domains.

The related term collateral mortality is also becoming prevalent, and probably derives from the term collateral damage. It has been applied to other spheres in addition to the original military context. An example is in fisheries where bycatch of species such as dolphins are called collateral mortality; i.e., they are species that die in pursuit of in the legal death of fishery targets, such as tuna.^[6]

Controversy [edit]

The US military states the term is used in regards to unintentional damage, ^[1] however, at least one source claims that the term "collateral damage" originated as a euphemism during the Vietnam War and can refer to friendly fire, or the killing of non-combatants and the destruction of their property.^[7]

Also during the 1991 Gulf War, the allied forces used the phrase 'collateral damage' to describe the killing of civilians in attacks on military targets. According to Scottish linguist Deborah Cameron,^[8] "the classic Orwellian argument for finding this usage objectionable would be that

it is jargon, and to the extent that people cannot decode it, it conceals what is actually going on;
it is a euphemism; abstract, agentless and affectless, so that even if people succeed in associating it with a real act or event they will be insulated from any feeling of repulsion and moral outrage"

In 1999, "collateral damage" (German: Kollateralschaden) was named the German Un-Word of the Year by a jury of lingustic scholars. With this choice, it was criticized that the term had been used by NATO forces to describe civilian casualties during the Kosovo War, which the jury considered to be an inhuman euphemism.^[9]

International humanitarian law [edit]

Military necessity, along with distinction, and proportionality, are three important principles of international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict and how that relates to collateral damage.

Luis Moreno-Ocampo Chief Prosecutor at the International Criminal Court investigated allegations of War Crimes during 2003 invasion of Iraq and he published an open letter containing his findings. In a section titled "Allegations concerning War Crimes" elucidates this use of Military necessity, distinction and proportionality:

Under international humanitarian law and the Rome Statute, the death of civilians during an armed conflict, no matter how grave and regrettable, does not in itself constitute a war crime. International humanitarian law and the Rome Statute permit belligerents to carry out proportionate attacks against military objectives,^[10] even when it is known that some civilian deaths or injuries will occur. A crime occurs if there is an intentional attack directed against civilians (principle of distinction) (Article 8(2)(b)(i)) or an attack is launched on a military objective in the knowledge that the incidental civilian injuries would be clearly excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage (principle of proportionality) (Article 8(2)(b)(iv). Article 8(2)(b)(iv) criminalizes:
Intentionally launching an attack in the knowledge that such attack will cause incidental loss of life or injury to civilians or damage to civilian objects or widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment which would be clearly excessive in relation to the concrete and direct overall military advantage anticipated;
Article 8(2)(b)(iv) draws on the principles in Article 51(5)(b) of the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, but restricts the criminal prohibition to cases that are "clearly" excessive. The application of Article 8(2)(b)(iv) requires, inter alia, an assessment of:
(a) the anticipated civilian damage or injury;
(b) the anticipated military advantage;
(c) and whether (a) was "clearly excessive" in relation to (b).

— Luis Moreno-Ocampo^[11]

The U.S. military's approach to collateral damage [edit]

The U.S. military follows a technology-based process for estimating and mitigating collateral damage. The software used is known as “FAST-CD” or “Fast Assessment Strike Tool—Collateral Damage."^[12]

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c "USAF Intelligence Targeting Guide — AIR FORCE PAMPHLET 14- 210 Intelligence". 1998-02-01. p. 180. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
^ "collateral damage". Merriam-Webster.
^ http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/7689016/dispersal-deterrence-damage
^ http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf
^ "Defense.gov News Article: U.S. Military Works to Avoid Civilian Deaths, Collateral Damage". Defenselink.mil. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
^ Chuenpagdee, R., Morgan, L.E., Maxwell, S.M., Norse, E.A. & Pauly, D. (2003) Shifting gears: assessing collateral impacts of fishing methods in US waters. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 517-524.
^ Anthony H. Cordesman (2003). The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 266. ISBN 0-275-98227-0.
^ Deborah Cameron (1995). Verbal Hygiene. 2 - Restrictive practices. The politics of style. "Collateral damage" and the politics of discourse. Routledge, p.72. ISBN 041510355X.
^ Spiegel Online: Ein Jahr, ein (Un-)Wort! (in German).
^ Article 52 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions provides a widely-accepted definition of military objective: "In so far as objects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage" (Source: Luis Moreno-Ocampo References page 5, footnote 11).
^ Luis Moreno-Ocampo OTP letter to senders re Iraq 9 February 2006. "Allegations concerning War Crimes" Pages 4,5
^ Bradley, Graham (February 21, 2003 at A18). "Military Turns to Software to Cut Civilian Casualties". Washington Post. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

External links [edit]

Beyond Precision: Issues of Morality and Decision Making in Minimizing Collateral Casualties, ACDIS Occasional Paper by Lt. Col. Dwight A. Roblyer
USAF Intelligence Targeting Guide - Attachment 7 : Collateral Damage
The Culture of Collateral Damage: A Genealogy by Glen Perice, The Journal of Poverty, Volume 10, No. 4, 2007
Army Technology
Air Force Law Review, Wntr, 2005 by Jefferson D. Reynolds
The Faces of “Collateral Damage” by Charlie Clements, Friends Journal, April 2003
Collateral Damage during NATO bombing of SR Yugoslavia 1999 Warning: explicit images
"Collateral Damage: A Military Euphemism for Murder" by Camillo "Mac" Bica, Znet, April 16, 2007

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