WordNet

to take an action to protect against future problems; "Count the cash in the drawer twice just to cover yourself"
clothe, as if for protection from the elements; "cover your head!" (同)wrap up
a recording of a song that was first recorded or made popular by somebody else; "they made a cover of a Beatles song" (同)cover version, cover song
fire that makes it difficult for the enemy to fire on your own individuals or formations; "artillery provided covering fire for the withdrawal" (同)covering fire
the act of concealing the existence of something by obstructing the view of it; "the cover concealed their guns from enemy aircraft" (同)covering, screening, masking
a false identity and background (especially one created for an undercover agent); "her new name and passport are cover for her next assignment"
make up for shortcomings or a feeling of inferiority by exaggerating good qualities; "he is compensating for being a bad father" (同)compensate, overcompensate
span an interval of distance, space or time; "The war extended over five years"; "The period covered the turn of the century"; "My land extends over the hills on the horizon"; "This farm covers some 200 acres"; "The Archipelago continues for another 500 miles" (同)continue, extend
hide from view or knowledge; "The President covered the fact that he bugged the offices in the White House" (同)cover up
protect by insurance; "The insurance wont cover this" (同)insure, underwrite
form a cover over; "The grass covered the grave" (同)spread over
act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression; "This book deals with incest"; "The course covered all of Western Civilization"; "The new book treats the history of China" (同)treat, handle, plow, deal, address
be responsible for guarding an opponent in a game
be sufficient to meet, defray, or offset the charge or cost of; "Is this enough to cover the check?"
help out by taking someones place and temporarily assuming his responsibilities; "She is covering for our secretary who is ill this week"
hold within range of an aimed firearm
invest with a large or excessive amount of something; "She covered herself with glory"
maintain a check on; especially by patrolling; "The second officer covered the top floor"
play a higher card than the one previously played; "Smith covered again"
protect or defend (a position in a game); "he covered left field"
provide for; "The grant doesnt cover my salary"
provide with a covering or cause to be covered; "cover her face with a handkerchief"; "cover the child with a blanket"; "cover the grave with flowers"
spread over a surface to conceal or protect; "This paint covers well"
undergo a test; "She doesnt test well"
any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc; "the test was standardized on a large sample of students" (同)mental test, mental testing, psychometric test
the act of undergoing testing; "he survived the great test of battle"; "candidates must compete in a trial of skill" (同)trial
the act of testing something; "in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately"; "he called each flip of the coin a new trial" (同)trial, run
a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins
put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to; "This approach has been tried with good results"; "Test this recipe" (同)prove, try, try out, examine, essay
achieve a certain score or rating on a test; "She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools"
determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
show a certain characteristic when tested; "He tested positive for HIV"
an artifact that covers something else (usually to protect or shelter or conceal it)
the act of protecting something by covering it
a natural object that covers or envelops; "under a covering of dust"; "the fox was flushed from its cover" (同)natural covering, cover
an examination of the characteristics of something; "there are laboratories for commercial testing"; "it involved testing thousands of children for smallpox"
the act of subjecting to experimental test in order to determine how well something works; "they agreed to end the testing of atomic weapons"
overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form; "women with covered faces"; "covered wagons"; "a covered balcony"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…で)…‘の'『表面をおおう』,'を'包む,かぶせる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (範囲が)…‘に'『及ぶ』,わたる,'を'取り扱う範囲に入れる / 〈ある距離〉'を'行く,進む(受動態にできない) / …‘に'保険を掛ける / …'を'報道する,取材する / 〈要塞・砲などが〉'を'制圧する / (ピストルなどで)〈人〉'を'ねらう《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (球技などで)〈相手〉の動きなど〉'を'ふせぐ;〈地域など〉'を'守る / (…の)代役をする,身代りをする《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉『おおい』,包むもの,カバー;ふた / 〈C〉『表紙』 / 〈U〉隠れ場所,潜伏所 / 〈U〉姿を隠してくれるもの(暗闇,煙など) / 〈C〉(秘密を隠すための)見せかけ / 〈U〉(…の)保険《+『against』+『名』》 / 〈C〉封筒;(郵便小包などの)包装紙 / 〈C〉毛布,ふとん
(人の能力などの)『試験』,考査,テスト / (物事の)『試験』,検済,試錬,実験《+of+名》 / 化学分析;試薬 / =test match / …‘を'『試験する』,検査する / …‘を'化学分析する / (…の)試験を受ける,試験をする《+for+名》
〈U〉おおうこと;援護 / 〈C〉おおう物(布,ふた,屋根など)
おおいのある;屋根のある / 帽子をかぶった / 《複合語を作って》「…でおおわれた」の意を表す

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/18 16:32:44」(JST)

wiki en

Heterophoria is an eye condition in which the directions that the eyes are pointing at rest position, when not performing binocular fusion, are not the same as each other, or, "not straight". There can be esophoria, where the eyes tend to cross inward in the absence of fusion, exophoria, in which they diverge, or hyperphoria, in which one eye points up or down relative to the other. Phorias are known as 'latent squint' because the tendency of the eyes to deviate is kept latent by fusion. A person with two normal eyes has single vision (usually) because of the combined use of the sensory and motor systems. The motor system acts to point both eyes at the target of interest; any offset is detected visually (and the motor system corrects it). Heterophoria only occurs during dissociation of the left eye and right eye, when fusion of the eyes is absent. If you cover one eye (e.g. with your hand) you remove the sensory information about the eye's position in the orbit. Without this, there is no stimulus to binocular fusion, and the eye will move to a position of "rest". The difference between this position, and where it would be were the eye uncovered, is the heterophoria. The opposite of heterophoria, where the eyes are straight when relaxed and not fusing, is called orthophoria.

In contrast, fixation disparity is a very small deviation of the pointing directions of the eyes that is present while performing binocular fusion.

Heterophoria is usually asymptomatic. This is when it is said to be "compensated". When fusional reserve is used to compensate for heterophoria, it is known as compensating vergence. In severe cases, when the heterophoria is not overcome by fusional vergence, sign and symptoms appear. This is called decompensated heterophoria. Heterophoria may lead to squint or also known as strabismus.

Signs and symptoms

When the fusional vergence system can no longer hold back heterophoria, the phoria manifests. In this condition, the eyes deviate from the fixating position.

Diagnosis

The cross-cover test, or alternating cover test is usually employed to detect heterophoria. One eye is covered, and then the cover is moved immediately over to the other eye. With heterophoria, when the cover is moved to the other eye, the eye that has just been uncovered can be seen to move from a deviated point. The difference between heterotropia and heterophoria can be easily understood as follows. With heterotropia, a correcting movement of the eye can be detected already by the simple cover test; with heterophoria, such correcting movement only takes place in the cross-cover test. The reason is that subjects with heterophoria are able to create and maintain binocular fusion through vergence, and the cross-cover test purposely breaks this fusion, making the latent misaligment visible.

Whereas the cross-cover test allows a qualitative assessment to be done, a quantitative assessment of latent eye position disorders can be done using the Lancaster red-green test.

Cause

In order to understand how heterophoria occurs, we must understand of how the eye can maintain proper fixation with non aligned visual axis. Heterophoria is actually the misalignment of the visual axis of both eyes. In other words, one or both eyes are not properly fixated to an object of interest. However, we must know that the eyes have a fusional vergence system which corrects this misalignment.

References

External links

Ophthalmology: tropias versus phorias
Animation at mrcophth.com

http://eyes.cochrane.org/glossary

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English Journal

Near heterophoria in early childhood.

Babinsky E1, Sreenivasan V1, Candy TR1.
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2015 Jan 29;56(2):1406-15. doi: 10.1167/iovs.14-14649.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure near heterophoria in young children to determine the impact of early growth and development on the alignment of the eyes.METHODS: Fifty young children (≥2 and <7 years of age; range of spherical equivalent refractive error -1.25 diopters [D] to
PMID 25634983

Sleep promotes the extraction of grammatical rules.

Nieuwenhuis IL1, Folia V, Forkstam C, Jensen O, Petersson KM.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Jun 5;8(6):e65046. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065046. Print 2013.
Grammar acquisition is a high level cognitive function that requires the extraction of complex rules. While it has been proposed that offline time might benefit this type of rule extraction, this remains to be tested. Here, we addressed this question using an artificial grammar learning paradigm. Du
PMID 23755173

Japanese Journal

視線解析装置による遠見・近見での片眼遮閉時の眼位測定と交代プリズム遮閉試験での眼位の比較 (第71回日本弱視斜視学会(3)) -- (学術展示成人視機能・検査)

眼科臨床紀要 9(3), 230-233, 2016
NAID 40020764524

有限要素解析による大型車用ホイールボルトに発生する応力振幅の評価

日本機械学会論文集 C編 77(782), 3840-3849, 2011
NAID 130001433466

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