同: iron-sulfer protein

WordNet

drug (trade name Isuprel) used to treat bronchial asthma and to stimulate the heart (同)Isuprel
a flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists (同)list-processing language
the 9th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)i

PrepTutorEJDIC

『私は』私が
iodineの化学記号

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/03 20:38:22」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"ISP" redirects here. For other uses, see ISP (disambiguation).

Internet connectivity options from end-user to Tier 3/2 ISPs

An Internet service provider (ISP, also called Internet access provider) is a business or organization that offers users access to the Internet and related services. Many but not all ISPs are telephone companies or other telecommunication providers. They provide services such as Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration and hosting, dial-up access, leased line access and colocation. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.

History[edit]

The Internet was developed as a closed network between government research laboratories and relevant parts of universities. By the late 1980s, it was slowly moving towards commercial use; these restrictions would be completely removed by 1995, 4 years after the release of the World Wide Web to the general public.

In 1989, an ISP had appeared in Australia. In the US the same year, Brookline, Massachusetts-based The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November of 1989.^[1]

Classification[edit]

Access providers[edit]

Main article: Internet access

Access ISPs employ a range of technologies to enable consumers to connect to their network.^{[citation needed]}

If users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL (typically Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.^[2]

For customers with more demanding requirements, such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs, higher-speed DSL (such as Single-Pair High-speed Digital Subscriber Line ), Ethernet, Metropolitan Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET) can be used.^{[citation needed]}

Wireless access in another option, including satellite Internet access. Many access providers also provide hosting and email services.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Mailbox providers[edit]

Main article: Mailbox provider

A mailbox provider is a department or organization that provides email mailbox hosting services. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for other organizations and/or end users, on their behalf and upon their explicit mandate.

Many mailbox providers are also access providers,^[7] while others aren't (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail, Gmail, AOL Mail, Pobox). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.^[8]

Hosting ISPs[edit]

Hosting ISPs routinely provide email, FTP, and web-hosting services. Other services include virtual machines, clouds, or entire physical servers where customers can run their own custom software.^{[citation needed]}

Transit ISPs[edit]

Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP and/or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.^[9]

In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a Tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence.^[10] Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.^[11]

Virtual ISPs[edit]

Main article: Virtual ISP

A Virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation which purchases services from another ISP (sometimes called a "wholesale ISP" in this context)^[12] which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP.

Free ISPs[edit]

Free ISPs are Internet service providers which provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the users' attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, often called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.^{[citation needed]}

Peering[edit]

Main article: Peering

ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.^[9]

ISPs requiring no upstream and having only customers (end customers and/or peer ISPs) are called Tier 1 ISPs.^{[citation needed]}

Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.^{[citation needed]}

Law enforcement and intelligence assistance[edit]

Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g. CALEA in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement and intelligence agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks and software such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia, allowing them to monitor Internet traffic in real time.^{[citation needed]}

References[edit]

^ Robert H'obbes' Zakon. "Hobbes' Internet Timeline v10.1". Retrieved November 14, 2011. Also published as Robert H. Zakon
^ "FTTx: Fiber To The Home/Premises/Curb". The Fiber Optic Association. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
^ http://cccomm.net/?page_id=53
^ http://charter.com/internet/features/email
^ http://www.juno.com/
^ http://www.theworld.com/
^ J.D. Falk, ed. (November 2011). Complaint Feedback Loop Operational Recommendations. IETF. RFC 6449. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6449. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
^ Murray Kucherawy, ed. (June 2012). Creation and Use of Email Feedback Reports: An Applicability Statement for the Abuse Reporting Format (ARF). IETF. RFC 6650. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6650. Retrieved 28 June 2012. ""Mailbox Provider" refers to an organization that accepts, stores, and offers access to [RFC5322] messages ("email messages") for end users. Such an organization has typically implemented SMTP [RFC5321] and might provide access to messages through IMAP [RFC3501], the Post Office Protocol (POP) [RFC1939], a proprietary interface designed for HTTP [RFC2616], or a proprietary protocol."
^ ^a ^b Gerson & Ryan A Primer on Internet Exchange Points for Policymakers and Non-Engineers Working Paper, August 11, 2012
^ Id.
^ cisco.com Sample Configuration for BGP with Two Different Service Providers (Multihoming) BGP article
^ Amazing.com "Hooking up to the Internet"

External links[edit]

Yahoo ISP listings
DMOZ ISP listings
OECD ISP penetration data

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 小児における夢遊およびその他の錯眠 sleepwalking and other parasomnias in children

English Journal

EUROGIN 2011 roadmap on prevention and treatment of HPV-related disease.

Arbyn M, de Sanjosé S, Saraiya M, Sideri M, Palefsky J, Lacey C, Gillison M, Bruni L, Ronco G, Wentzensen N, Brotherton J, Qiao YL, Denny L, Bornstein J, Abramowitz L, Giuliano A, Tommasino M, Monsonego J.SourceUnit of Cancer Epidemiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium. marc.arbyn@wiv-isp.be.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2012 Nov 1;131(9):1969-82. doi: 10.1002/ijc.27650. Epub 2012 Jul 2.
The EUROGIN 2011 roadmap reviews the current burden of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related morbidity, as well as the evidence and potential practice recommendations regarding primary and secondary prevention and treatment of cancers and other disease associated with HPV infection. HPV infection cause
PMID 22623137

Neurochemical Characterization of Zinc Transporter 3-Like Immunoreactive (ZnT3(+)) Neurons in the Intramural Ganglia of the Porcine Duodenum.

Wojtkiewicz J, Gonkowski S, Równiak M, Crayton R, Majewski M, Jałyński M.SourceDepartment of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Warszawska 30, 10-082, Olsztyn, Poland, joanna.wojtkiewicz@uwm.edu.pl.
Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN.J Mol Neurosci.2012 Nov;48(3):766-76. Epub 2012 Jul 12.
The SLC30 family of divalent cation transporters is thought to be involved in the transport of zinc in a variety of cellular pathways. Zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) is involved in the transport of zinc into synaptic vesicles or intracellular organelles. As the presence of ZnT3 immunoreactive neurons has
PMID 22791190

Japanese Journal

B-6-40 キャッシュサーバ配置場所によるISP網内トラフィックの評価(B-6. ネットワークシステム,一般セッション)

渋谷惠美,屏雄一郎,大岸智彦
電子情報通信学会ソサイエティ大会講演論文集 2011年_通信(2), 40, 2011-08-30
NAID 110008724867

階層化経路制御プロトコルの為の階層的なロケータ番号自動割振プロトコルHANAの拡張(ネットワークセキュリティ,インターネットセキュリティ,一般)

藤川賢治,太田昌孝
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. ICSS, 情報通信システムセキュリティ 111(82), 37-40, 2011-06-09
… 経路制御に依らないマルチホームは、末端サイトだけで無く、中間レベルのISPやローカルISPが複数の上流からアドレス空間を取得し、それらを活用することで可能である。 …
NAID 110008746363

Promoting peer cooperation for efficient piece diffusion under localization in BitTorrent (情報ネットワーク)

Takada Junki,Ohzahata Satoshi,Kato Toshihiko
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. IN, 情報ネットワーク 111(80), 25-30, 2011-06-09
… In particular, this phenomenon becomes worse when the number of peers in the same ISP is small. … To improve the piece starvation problem under a localization strategy, we propose an efficient piece diffusion method which reduces the downloading of duplicated pieces in the same ISP and promotes cooperation of peers in downloading. …
NAID 110008746075

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「イソプロテレノール」「鉄-硫黄タンパク」「イセパマイシン」「isoproterenol」
拡張検索	「PISP」
関連記事	「I」「IS」

「イソプロテレノール」

　　[★]

英: isoproterenol, ISP
化: 硫酸イソプロテレノール isoproterenol sulfate, 硫酸イソプレナリン isoprenaline sulfate、塩酸イソプレナリン isoprenaline hydrochloride、塩酸イソプロテレノール isoproterenol hydrochloride
同: イソプレナリン
商: イソメニール、プロタノール。ストメリン(イソプロテレノール、デキサメタゾン、メチルアトロピン)
関: アドレナリン受容体、受容体。強心剤

アドレナリン受容体アゴニスト

β受容体作動薬

作用機序

アドレナリンより強力なβ1、β2受容体アゴニスト

薬理作用

プロタノールL注0.2mg／＊プロタノールL注１mg

1. 心収縮力増強（Positive inotropic）作用

イソプレナリン塩酸塩は、交感神経のβ受容体に作用し、心収縮力を増強して、心拍出量を増加する。
これに伴って、左心室駆出速度の増大及び左心室拡張末期圧の低下をもたらし静脈還流を改善し、心拍出量を更に増加するが、この場合の心筋酸素消費量の増加は比較的軽度である（イヌ、ヒト）3)～8)。

2. 心拍数増加（Positive chronotropic）作用

イソプレナリン塩酸塩は、心臓の刺激伝導系に作用して心拍数を増加する。その作用部位は、上位中枢にあり、洞機能を亢進し、房室伝導を促進する作用が強いので心ブロック時に使用して洞調律に回復させる作用がある（イヌ、ヒト）3)5)～7)。

3. 組織循環促進作用

イソプレナリン塩酸塩は、強力な心拍出量の増加とともに末梢血管の抵抗を減少して、各組織や重要臓器の血流量を増大するので、組織循環が促進される。これは異常に増加した乳酸値の低下や尿量増加がみられることからも確認される（イヌ、ヒト）9)～12)。

4. 気管支拡張作用

イソプレナリン塩酸塩は、気管支平滑筋に作用し、気管支内腔を拡張する作用がある。また、そのdl体はアドレナリンの約10倍の強さをもっている（イヌ）13)。

動態

注意

禁忌

プロタノールL注0.2mg／＊プロタノールL注１mg

1. 特発性肥大性大動脈弁下狭窄症の患者〔心収縮力を増強するため、左室からの血液流出路の閉塞が増強され、症状を増強させるおそれがある。〕
2. ジギタリス中毒の患者〔重篤な不整脈が起こる可能性がある。〕
3. カテコールアミン製剤（アドレナリン等）等との併用は避けること。（「相互作用」の項参照）

副作用

効能又は効果

プロタノールL注0.2mg／＊プロタノールL注１mg

アダムス・ストークス症候群（徐脈型）の発作時（高度の徐脈、心停止を含む）、あるいは発作反復時
心筋梗塞や細菌内毒素等による急性心不全
手術後の低心拍出量症候群
気管支喘息の重症発作時

添付文書

プロタノールL注0.2mg／＊プロタノールL注１mg

http://www.info.pmda.go.jp/go/pack/2119400A1036_1_03/2119400A1036_1_03?view=body

「鉄-硫黄タンパク」

　　[★]

英: iron-sulfur protein, ISP
同: 2Fe-2S鉄-硫黄タンパク、鉄硫黄タンパク質、鉄イオウタンパク質
関: 複合体I、鉄硫黄クラスター

鉄硫黄クラスターを中心にもつタンパク質の総称

「イセパマイシン」

　　[★]

英: isepamicin, ISP
化: 硫酸イセパマイシン isepamicin sulfate
商: イセシン、イセパシン、エクサシン、エルパシン、シオセシン

「isoproterenol」

　　[★] イソプロテレノール ISP 　

「PISP」

　　[★] penicillin-G intermediate resistant Streptococcus pneumonae

「I」

　　[★]

「IS」

　　[★] 挿入配列 insertion sequence

[1] システム計画研究所／ISP オフィシャルサイト

[1] Robert H'obbes' Zakon. "Hobbes' Internet Timeline v10.1". Retrieved November 14, 2011. Also published as Robert H. Zakon

[2] "FTTx: Fiber To The Home/Premises/Curb". The Fiber Optic Association. Retrieved June 1, 2013.

[3] ttp://cccomm.net/?page_id=53

[4] ttp://charter.com/internet/features/email

[5] ttp://www.juno.com/

[6] ttp://www.theworld.com/

[7] J.D. Falk, ed. (November 2011). Complaint Feedback Loop Operational Recommendations. IETF. RFC 6449. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6449. Retrieved 28 June 2012.

[8] Murray Kucherawy, ed. (June 2012). Creation and Use of Email Feedback Reports: An Applicability Statement for the Abuse Reporting Format (ARF). IETF. RFC 6650. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6650. Retrieved 28 June 2012. ""Mailbox Provider" refers to an organization that accepts, stores, and offers access to [RFC5322] messages ("email messages") for end users. Such an organization has typically implemented SMTP [RFC5321] and might provide access to messages through IMAP [RFC3501], the Post Office Protocol (POP) [RFC1939], a proprietary interface designed for HTTP [RFC2616], or a proprietary protocol."

[ssrn-9] Gerson & Ryan A Primer on Internet Exchange Points for Policymakers and Non-Engineers Working Paper, August 11, 2012

[10] Id.

[11] sco.com Sample Configuration for BGP with Two Different Service Providers (Multihoming) BGP article

[12] Amazing.com "Hooking up to the Internet"

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匿名

検索

案内

ISP

WordNet

PrepTutorEJDIC

Wikipedia preview

wiki ja

脚注[編集]

wiki en

Contents

History[edit]

Classification[edit]

Access providers[edit]

Mailbox providers[edit]

Hosting ISPs[edit]

Transit ISPs[edit]

Virtual ISPs[edit]

Free ISPs[edit]

Peering[edit]

Law enforcement and intelligence assistance[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

UpToDate Contents

English Journal

Japanese Journal

Related Links

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

「イソプロテレノール」

作用機序

薬理作用

動態

注意

禁忌

副作用

効能又は効果

添付文書

「鉄-硫黄タンパク」

「イセパマイシン」

「isoproterenol」

「PISP」

「I」

「IS」