v.

制限する、限定する

関: circumscription、confine、confinement、define、definite、definition、limit、limitation、qualify、restrain、restraint、restriction

WordNet

place under restrictions; limit access to; "This substance is controlled"
place restrictions on; "curtail drinking in school" (同)curtail, curb, cut_back
place limits on (extent or access); "restrict the use of this parking lot"; "limit the time you can spend with your friends" (同)restrain, trammel, limit, bound, confine, throttle
prevent from leaving or from being removed
deprive of freedom; take into confinement (同)detain
restrict or confine, "I limit you to two visits to the pub a day" (同)circumscribe, confine
the mathematical value toward which a function goes as the independent variable approaches infinity (同)limit_point, point of accumulation
the greatest amount of something that is possible or allowed; "there are limits on the amount you can bet"; "it is growing rapidly with no limitation in sight" (同)limitation
the greatest possible degree of something; "what he did was beyond the bounds of acceptable behavior"; "to the limit of his ability" (同)bound, boundary
the boundary of a specific area (同)demarcation, demarcation line
as far as something can go
pronounce fit or able; "She was qualified to run the marathon"; "They nurses were qualified to administer the injections"
make fit or prepared; "Your education qualifies you for this job" (同)dispose
make more specific; "qualify these remarks" (同)restrict
describe or portray the character or the qualities or peculiarities of; "You can characterize his behavior as that of an egotist"; "This poem can be characterized as a lament for a dead lover" (同)characterize, characterise
prove capable or fit; meet requirements (同)measure up
keep under control; keep in check; "suppress a smile"; "Keep your temper"; "keep your cool" (同)keep, keep back, hold back
to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement; "This holds the local until the express passengers change trains"; "About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade"; "The illegal immigrants were held at a detention center"; "The terrorists held the journalists for ransom" (同)confine, hold
hold back (同)encumber, cumber, constrain
a device that retards somethings motion; "the car did not have proper restraints fitted" (同)constraint
discipline in personal and social activities; "he was a model of polite restraint"; "she never lost control of herself" (同)control
the act of controlling by restraining someone or something; "the unlawful restraint of trade"
a rule or condition that limits freedom; "legal restraints"; "restraints imposed on imports"
precise; explicit and clearly defined; "I want a definite answer"; "a definite statement of the terms of the will"; "a definite amount"; "definite restrictions on the sale of alcohol"; "the wedding date is now definite"; "a definite drop in attendance"
known for certain; "it is definite that they have won"

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『制限する』,限定する(limit)
(ある範囲に)…'を'『制限する』,限る(limit)《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (…に)〈人など〉'を'『閉じ込める』,監禁する《+『名』+『in』(『to』)+『名』》 / 《通例受動熊で》〈女性〉'を'お産の床につかせる / 境界,範囲,限界
(空間・行為などの)『限界』,《+『of』+『名』》 / 《しばしば複数形で;単数扱い》『境界』,境界線範囲,区域 / (数量などの)許容量,制限 / 適度に / …‘を'『制限する』
〈才能・技術などが〉〈人〉‘に'『資格を与える』 / (…で)‘を'緩和する,適度にする《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈人〉‘を'(…と)称する《+『名』〈人〉+『as』+『名』》 / (文法で)…‘を'修飾する(modify) / 『資格を得る』,検定を取る / (スポーツで)予選を通過する《+『in』+『名』》
〈感情・行動など〉‘を'『抑える』,『抑制する』 / (…しないように)〈人〉‘に'『がまんさせる』,‘を'こらえさせる《+『名』〈人〉+『from』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (逮捕・監禁などによって)〈人〉‘の'自由を奪う,‘を'拘束する
〈U〉『抑制』(『拘束』,『束縛』)『すること』 / 〈U〉束縛された状態,監禁(confinement) / 〈C〉抑制(拘束,束縛)するもの / 〈U〉(行為・感情などの)自制,慎み,遠慮(reserve)
『一定の』,(明確に)限定された / 『明確な』,確実な,すでに確定した

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/15 15:23:53」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

In the C programming language, as of the C99 standard, restrict is a keyword that can be used in pointer declarations. The restrict keyword is a declaration of intent given by the programmer to the compiler. It says that for the lifetime of the pointer, only it or a value directly derived from it (such as pointer + 1) will be used to access the object to which it points. This limits the effects of pointer aliasing, aiding optimizations. If the declaration of intent is not followed and the object is accessed by an independent pointer, this will result in undefined behavior. The use of the restrict keyword in C, in principle, allows non-obtuse C to achieve the same performance as the same program written in Fortran.^[1]

C++ does not have standard support for restrict, but many compilers have equivalents which usually work in both C++ and C, such as the GNU Compiler Collection and Clang __restrict__, and Visual C++ __restrict and __declspec(restrict).

Optimization

If the compiler knows that there is only one pointer to a memory block, it can produce better optimized code. For instance:

void updatePtrs(size_t *ptrA, size_t *ptrB, size_t *val)
{
  *ptrA += *val;
  *ptrB += *val;
}

In the above code, the pointers ptrA, ptrB, and val might refer to the same memory location, so the compiler may generate less optimal code:

load R1 ← *val  ; Load the value of val pointer
load R2 ← *ptrA ; Load the value of ptrA pointer
add R2 += R1    ; Perform Addition
set R2 → *ptrA  ; Update the value of ptrA pointer
; Similarly for ptrB, note that val is loaded twice,
; because ptrA may be equal to (points to the same location as) val.
load R1 ← *val
load R2 ← *ptrB
add R2 += R1
set R2 → *ptrB

However, if the restrict keyword is used and the above function is declared as

void updatePtrs(size_t *restrict ptrA, size_t *restrict ptrB, size_t *restrict val);

then the compiler is allowed to assume that ptrA, ptrB, and val point to different locations and updating one pointer will not affect the other pointers. The programmer, not the compiler, is responsible for ensuring that the pointers do not point to identical locations.

Now the compiler can generate better code as follows:

load R1 ← *val
load R2 ← *ptrA
add R2 += R1
set R2 → *ptrA
; Note that val is not reloaded,
; because the compiler knows it is unchanged
load R2 ← *ptrB
add R2 += R1
set R2 → *ptrB

Note that the above assembly code is shorter because val is loaded once.

References

"ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 Committee Draft" (PDF). ISO. May 6, 2005. pp. 108–112. Retrieved 2008-12-22.

^ Ulrich Drepper (October 23, 2007). "Memory part 5: What programmers can do". What every programmer should know about memory. lwn.net. ...The default aliasing rules of the C and C++ languages do not help the compiler making these decisions (unless restrict is used, all pointer accesses are potential sources of aliasing). This is why Fortran is still a preferred language for numeric programming: it makes writing fast code easier. (In theory the restrict keyword introduced into the C language in the 1999 revision should solve the problem. Compilers have not caught up yet, though. The reason is mainly that too much incorrect code exists which would mislead the compiler and cause it to generate incorrect object code.)

External links

Demystifying The Restrict Keyword: explanation and examples of use
Walls, Douglas. "How to Use the restrict Qualifier in C". Oracle™. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
Restricted Pointers in C: the original rationale behind the definition

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. Chapter 2A：糸球体の解剖学的構造および機能 chapter 2a glomerular anatomy and function
2. 成長痛 growing pains
3. ばね指（狭窄性屈筋腱腱鞘炎） trigger finger stenosing flexor tenosynovitis
4. コントロール良好な高血圧の患者で治療中止できるか？ can therapy be discontinued in well controlled hypertension
5. 新生児における出産時の損傷 lower extremity positional deformations

English Journal

Microbiological food safety: a dilemma of developing societies.

Akhtar S1, Sarker MR, Hossain A.Author information 1Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Department of Food Science and Technology , Multan , Pakistan .AbstractCurrent food safety issues are deleteriously reshaping the life style of the population in the developing world. Socioeconomic status of the population in poorer economies is one of the major determinants to delineate the availability of safe food to the vulnerable population. Assessment of the prevalence of foodborne illness in developing world is the most neglected area to control disease. Botulism, Shigellosis, Campylobacteriosis, Escherichia coli infection, Staphylococcus aureus infection, Salmonellosis, Listeriosis and Cholerae are extensively prevalent and pose a major threat to human health in underdeveloped communities. The existing food safety status of many African, South Asian, Central, and South American developing countries is distressing therefore; it seems much timely to highlight the areas for the improvement to ensure the supply of safe food to the population in these regions. Extensive literature search at PubMed, Science Direct and Medline was carried out during the current year to catch on relevant data from 1976 to date, using selective terms like food safety, South East Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and foodborne illness etc. Efforts were made to restrict the search to low income countries of these regions with reference to specific foodborne pathogens. This report briefly discusses the present food safety situation in these developing countries and associated consequences as prime issues, suggesting foodborne illness to be the most distressing threat for human health and economic growth.
Critical reviews in microbiology.Crit Rev Microbiol.2014 Nov;40(4):348-59. doi: 10.3109/1040841X.2012.742036. Epub 2012 Nov 23.
Current food safety issues are deleteriously reshaping the life style of the population in the developing world. Socioeconomic status of the population in poorer economies is one of the major determinants to delineate the availability of safe food to the vulnerable population. Assessment of the prev
PMID 23173983

Scaffold-free tissue engineering: organization of the tissue cytoskeleton and its effects on tissue shape.

Czajka CA1, Mehesz AN, Trusk TC, Yost MJ, Drake CJ.Author information 1Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 626, MSC 508, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.AbstractWork described herein characterizes tissues formed using scaffold-free, non-adherent systems and investigates their utility in modular approaches to tissue engineering. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that all tissues formed using scaffold-free, non-adherent systems organize tissue cortical cytoskeletons that appear to be under tension. Tension in these tissues was also evident when modules (spheroids) were used to generate larger tissues. Real-time analysis of spheroid fusion in unconstrained systems illustrated modular motion that is compatible with alterations in tensions, due to the process of disassembly/reassembly of the cortical cytoskeletons required for module fusion. Additionally, tissues generated from modules placed within constrained linear molds, which restrict modular motion, deformed upon release from molds. That tissue deformation is due in full or in part to imbalanced cortical actin cytoskeleton tensions resulting from the constraints imposed by mold systems is suggested from our finding that treatment of forming tissues with Y-27632, a selective inhibitor of ROCK phosphorylation, reduced tissue deformation. Our studies suggest that the deformation of scaffold-free tissues due to tensions mediated via the tissue cortical cytoskeleton represents a major and underappreciated challenge to modular tissue engineering.
Annals of biomedical engineering.Ann Biomed Eng.2014 May;42(5):1049-61. doi: 10.1007/s10439-014-0986-8. Epub 2014 Feb 15.
Work described herein characterizes tissues formed using scaffold-free, non-adherent systems and investigates their utility in modular approaches to tissue engineering. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that all tissues formed using scaffold-free, non-adherent systems organize tissue cortical cyt
PMID 24531747

Tolerance of Venerupis philippinarum to salinity: Osmotic and metabolic aspects.

Carregosa V1, Figueira E2, Gil AM3, Pereira S3, Pinto J3, Soares AM2, Freitas R4.Author information 1Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.2Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.3Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.4Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: rosafreitas@ua.pt.AbstractIn the last few decades, attention has been focused on the impacts of contamination in marine benthic populations, while the responses of aquatic organisms to natural alterations, namely changes in salinity, have received little attention. In fact, salinity is one of the dominant environmental factors affecting marine bivalves. The ebb and flood of the tide, combined with fresh water inputs from rivers or heavy rainy events, and with extremely dry and hot seasons, can dramatically alter water salinity. Therefore, the salinity of a certain environment can restrict the spatial distribution of a given population, which is especially important when assessing the spread of an invasive species into a new environment. In the present study, the main objective was to understand how clam Venerupis philippinarum copes with salinity changes and, hence biochemical and metabolomic alterations, taking place in individuals submitted to a wide range of salinities were investigated. The results showed that V. philippinarum presented high mortality at lower salinities (0 and 7g/L) but tolerated high salinities (35 and 42g/L). The quantification of ionic content revealed that, clams had the capacity to maintain ionic homeostasis along the salinity gradient, mainly changing the concentration of Na, but also with the influence of Mg and Ca. The results showed a decrease in protein content at lower salinities (0 to 21g/L). Glycogen and glucose increased with increasing salinity gradient. (1)H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra of clam aqueous extracts revealed different metabolite profiles at 7, 28 and 42g/L salinities, thus enabling metabolite changes to be measured in relation to salinity.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2014 May;171:36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.02.009. Epub 2014 Feb 17.
In the last few decades, attention has been focused on the impacts of contamination in marine benthic populations, while the responses of aquatic organisms to natural alterations, namely changes in salinity, have received little attention. In fact, salinity is one of the dominant environmental facto
PMID 24556070

Silencing ephrinB3 improves functional recovery following spinal cord injury.

Qu Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, Gao Z.Author information Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 13033, P.R. China.AbstractEphrinB3 may restrict axonal regeneration and recovery following traumatic injury of the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, inhibition of ephrinB3 expression may enhance the ability of the nervous system to regenerate following damage. In the present study, lentiviral expressing vectors, pGCSIL-GFP, expressing an active small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the EphB3 sequence, were used to determine the effect of inhibiting EphB3 on nerve functional recovery and regeneration. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scores and growth-associated protein, 43 kDa (GAP43) expression levels were determined at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks following transplantation of the siRNA. It was identified that EphB3 mRNA and protein levels in the siRNA group were significantly reduced (P<0.01) in the spine compared with the control group, at four weeks following intraparenchymal administration of the siRNA into the right lumbar. BBB locomotor scores were significantly increased (P<0.05) in siRNA animals compared with the sham group, at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks following transplantation of the siRNA. In addition, a significant increase in GAP43 expression was detected in the siRNA group compared with the control group. This preclinical study demonstrates that ephrinB3 silencing contributes to axonal growth regeneration and improves recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI).
Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2014 May;9(5):1761-6. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2019. Epub 2014 Mar 6.
EphrinB3 may restrict axonal regeneration and recovery following traumatic injury of the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, inhibition of ephrinB3 expression may enhance the ability of the nervous system to regenerate following damage. In the present study, lentiviral expressin
PMID 24604122

Japanese Journal

An Accelerated Algorithm for Solving SVP Based on Statistical Analysis (Preprint)

Masaharu Fukase,Kenji Kashiwabara
情報処理学会論文誌 55(11), 2014-11-15
… For that, we restrict the insertion index of a new lattice vector. …
NAID 110009843053

天文と人類学

後藤明
文化人類学 79(2), 164-178, 2014-09-30
… The author argues that the anthropologists interested in astronomy should not restrict their role to recording past and endangered customs, but instead should participate actively in revitalizing indigenous astronomy as a form of practical knowledge (e.g., the education of modern star navigation in the context of the Oceanic canoe renaissance). …
NAID 110009865575

手先認識センサを用いた仮想タッチパネルの開発

横道政裕,井上貴博,石原誠康,甲斐崇浩
宮崎大學工學部紀要 43, 219-223, 2014-07-31
… However, their size may restrict the fusibilities and it is not easy to control the accessibilities. …
NAID 120005474591

Targeted gene integration using the combination of a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein and phiC31 integrase.

Nakanishi Hideyuki,Higuchi Yuriko,Yamashita Fumiyoshi,Hashida Mitsuru
Journal of biotechnology 186, 139-147, 2014-07-17
… The dual DNA-binding protein was designed to tether the UAS-containing donor vector to the target sequence, the LexA operator, and restrict integration to sites close to the LexA operator. …
NAID 120005466731

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「restraint」「restrain」「definite」「limit」「限定」
拡張検索	「type I restriction enzyme」「restriction enzyme HindIII」「restriction enzyme BamHI」「intrauterine growth restriction」