WordNet

pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance"
the branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies in a frame of reference
resembling the action of a machine; "from blank to blank a threadless way I pushed mechanic feet"- Emily Dickenson
a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration (同)inhalator

PrepTutorEJDIC

呼吸の,呼吸作用の,呼吸のための
《単数扱い》力学;応用力学,機械学 / 《複数扱い》(作業・スポーツなどの)技術的な部分,技術
『機械工』,職工
《米》人工呼吸装置 / (一般に)マスク;防毒マスク

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/10 20:31:19」(JST)

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Gaseous exchange in the lung.

Respiratory physiology is the branch of human physiology focusing upon respiration.

Topics include:

Volumes[edit]

lung volumes
vital capacity
functional residual capacity
dead space
spirometry
body plethysmography
peak flow meter

Mechanics[edit]

Front view of thorax.

Inhalation (breathing in) is usually an active movement. The contraction of the diaphragm muscles cause a pressure variation, which is equal to the pressures caused by elastic, resistive and inertial components of the respiratory system. In contrast, expiration (breathing out) is usually a passive process.

$\begin{align} P &= P_{el} + P_{re} + P_{in} \\ P &= EV + R\dot{V} + I\ddot{V} \end{align}$

Where P_el equals the product of elastance E (inverse of compliance) and volume of the system V, P_re equals the product of flow resistance R and time derivate of volume V (which is equivalent to the flow), P_in equals the product of inertance I and second time derivate of V. R and I are sometimes referred to as Rohrer's constants.

Anatomy: pleural cavity, thoracic diaphragm, Intercostales externi muscles, Intercostales interni muscles
inhalation and exhalation
lung, pulmonary alveolus
With insufficient pulmonary surfactant, the pulmonary alveoli collapse, causing atelectasis (in infants, infant respiratory distress syndrome)
the law of Laplace,
compliance (physiology) - decreased with fibrosis, increased with emphysema^[1]
Poiseuille's law
asthma and COPD
hysteresivity

Circulation, ventilation, and perfusion[edit]

Pulmonary circulation

pulmonary circulation
positive pressure ventilation
hypoxic vasoconstriction
ventilation (physiology), perfusion, ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q), and ventilation/perfusion scan
shunts: right-to-left (tetralogy of fallot), left-to-right (patent ductus arteriosus)
respiratory rate and respirometer

Gas exchange/transport (primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide)[edit]

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

gas exchange
Dalton's law
hemoglobin
oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, Bohr effect, Haldane effect
carbonic anhydrase
oxyhemoglobin
respiratory quotient
arterial blood gas

Control and response[edit]

Pons

control of respiration
reticular formation
pons (apneuistic and pneumotaxic)
chemoreceptors (medulla, carotid body, aortic body)
Hering-Breuer reflex
involuntary control of respiration
exercise
hyperoxia
hypoxemia (hypoxic hypoxia)

Disorders[edit]

altitude sickness
asthma
carbon monoxide poisoning
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
emphysema
infant respiratory distress syndrome
pulmonary edema

Additional images[edit]

References[edit]

^ Compliance

External links[edit]

Overview at Johns Hopkins University

Clinical Sciences - Respiratory An iPhone app covering detailed respiratory physiology and anatomy

UpToDate Contents

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1. 人工呼吸患者における呼吸窮迫の評価 assessment of respiratory distress in the mechanically ventilated patient
2. 機械的人工換気の概要 overview of mechanical ventilation
3. Anesthesia for laparoscopic and abdominal robotic surgery in adults
4. 慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）治療におけるメチルキサンチンの役割 role of methylxanthines in the treatment of copd
5. 長期間の機械的人工換気を要する患者のマネージメントおよび予後 management and prognosis of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation

English Journal

The occlusion tests and end-expiratory esophageal pressure: measurements and comparison in controlled and assisted ventilation.

Chiumello D1,2, Consonni D3, Coppola S4,5, Froio S6,7, Crimella F8, Colombo A9.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0112-1. Epub 2016 Feb 12.
BACKGROUND: Esophageal pressure is used as a reliable surrogate of the pleural pressure. It is conventionally measured by an esophageal balloon placed in the lower part of the esophagus. To validate the correct position of the balloon, a positive pressure occlusion test by compressing the thorax dur
PMID 26868503

Respiratory mechanics and lung stress/strain in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Chiumello D1,2, Chidini G3, Calderini E4, Colombo A5, Crimella F6, Brioni M7.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0113-0. Epub 2016 Feb 5.
BACKGROUND: In sedated and paralyzed children with acute respiratory failure, the compliance of respiratory system and functional residual capacity were significantly reduced compared with healthy subjects. However, no major studies in children with ARDS have investigated the role of different level
PMID 26847436

Lung Perfusion and Ventilation During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Reduces Early Structural Damage to Pulmonary Parenchyma.

da Costa Freitas CR1, Sa Malbouisson LM, Benicio A, Negri EM, Bini FM, Massoco CO, Otsuki DA, Vidal Melo MF, Carvalho Carmona MJ.
Anesthesia and analgesia.Anesth Analg.2016 Apr;122(4):943-52. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001118.
BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether maintaining pulmonary perfusion and ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) reduces pulmonary inflammatory tissue injury compared with standard CPB where the lungs are not ventilated and are minimally perfused. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that ma
PMID 26991612