出生前管理、妊婦管理、胎教

WordNet

feel concern or interest; "I really care about my work"; "I dont care"
the work of providing treatment for or attending to someone or something; "no medical care was required"; "the old car needs constant attention" (同)attention, aid, tending
attention and management implying responsibility for safety; "he is in the care of a bodyguard" (同)charge, tutelage, guardianship
activity involved in maintaining something in good working order; "he wrote the manual on car care" (同)maintenance, upkeep
a cause for feeling concern; "his major care was the illness of his wife"
provide care for; "The nurse was caring for the wounded" (同)give care
a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine; "he needs a car to get to work" (同)auto, automobile, machine, motorcar
where passengers ride up and down; "the car was on the top floor" (同)elevator car
the compartment that is suspended from an airship and that carries personnel and the cargo and the power plant (同)gondola
a wheeled vehicle adapted to the rails of railroad; "three cars had jumped the rails" (同)railcar, railway car, railroad car
occurring or existing before birth; "the prenatal period"; "antenatal care" (同)antenatal, antepartum
feeling and exhibiting concern and empathy for others; "caring friends"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『心配』,気がかり,悩み / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》心配事,苦労の種 / 〈U〉『細心の注意』,十二分の用心 / 〈U〉(…の)『世話』,監督,保護《+『for(of)+名』》 / 〈C〉関心事,気を配るべきこと / 『気にする』,心配する,関心がある / …『したいと思う』,欲する,好む
『自動車』(automobile)電車(streetcar) / 《米》(鉄道の)『車両』;客車,貨車 / (気球などの)かご;(エレベーターの)箱
生まれる前の,胎児期の(《英》antenatal)
circa

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/04 11:57:28」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A doctor performs a prenatal exam.

Prenatal care (also known as antenatal care) refers to the regular medical and nursing care recommended for women during pregnancy.^[1]^[2]^[3] Prenatal care is a type of preventative care with the goal of providing regular check-ups that allow doctors or midwives to treat and prevent potential health problems throughout the course of the pregnancy while promoting healthy lifestyles that benefit both mother and child.^[4]^[5] During check-ups, women will receive medical information over maternal physiological changes in pregnancy, biological changes, and prenatal nutrition including prenatal vitamins. Recommendations on management and healthy lifestyle changes are also made during regular check-ups. The availability of routine prenatal care has played a part in reducing maternal death rates and miscarriages as well as birth defects, low birth weight, and other preventable health problems.

Prenatal care generally consists of:

monthly visits to the doctors during the first two trimesters (from week 1–28)
fortnightly visits to doctor from 28th week to 36th week of pregnancy
weekly visits to doctor after 36th week till delivery(delivery at week 38–40)
Assessment of parental needs and family dynamic

Prenatal Examinations[edit]

Main articles: Prenatal diagnosis and prenatal screening

At the initial antenatal care visit and with the aid of a special booking checklist the pregnant women become classified into either normal risk or high risk.

Prenatal diagnosis or prenatal screening (note that "Prenatal Diagnosis" and "Prenatal Screening" refer to two different types of tests) is testing for diseases or conditions in a fetus or embryo before it is born. Obstetricians and midwives have the ability to monitor mother's health and prenatal development during pregnancy through series of regular check-ups.^[4]

Physical examinations generally consist of:

Collection of (mother's) medical history
Checking (mother's) blood pressure
(Mother's) height and weight
Pelvic exam
Doppler fetal heart rate monitoring
(Mother's) blood and urine tests
Discussion with caregiver

Ultrasound Obstetric ultrasounds are most commonly performed during the second trimester at approximately week 20. Ultrasounds are considered relatively safe and have been used for over 35 years for monitoring pregnancy. Among other things, ultrasounds are used to:

Diagnose pregnancy (uncommon)
Check for multiple fetuses
Assess possible risks to the mother (e.g., miscarriage, blighted ovum, ectopic pregnancy, or a molar pregnancy condition)
Check for fetal malformation (e.g., club foot, spina bifida, cleft palate, clenched fists)
Determine if an intrauterine growth retardation condition exists
Note the development of fetal body parts (e.g., heart, brain, liver, stomach, skull, other bones)
Check the amniotic fluid and umbilical cord for possible problems
Determine due date (based on measurements and relative developmental progress)

Generally an ultrasound is ordered whenever an abnormality is suspected or along a schedule similar to the following:

7 weeks — confirm pregnancy, ensure that it's neither molar or ectopic, determine due date
13–14 weeks (some areas) — evaluate the possibility of Down Syndrome
18–20 weeks — see the expanded list above
34 weeks (some areas) — evaluate size, verify placental position

In the United States[edit]

Main article: Prenatal care in the United States

Proper prenatal care affects all women of various social background. While availability of such services have considerable personal health and social benefits, socioeconomic problems prevent its universal adoption in both developing and developed nations, such as the US. Although women can benefit by utilizing prenatal care services, there exists various levels of health care accessibility between different demographics throughout the United States.

References[edit]

^ "Prenatal Care". U.S. National Library of Medicine. 22 February 2012.
^ "Definition of Prenatal care". MedicineNet, Inc. 27 Apr 2011.
^ W. Schmitt, John (6 March 2009). "Prenatal care fact sheet". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
^ ^a ^b http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/prenatal-care.cfm. Retrieved on 11 March 2012
^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/prenatal+care. Retrieved on 11 March 2012.

External links[edit]

Obstetric Ultrasound
Pregnancy Education
CDC US prenatal care statistics
EngenderHealth-Prenatal Care and Planning
Care and Planning
Every Woman California

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 初回の出生前評価および妊娠初期の妊婦管理 initial prenatal assessment and first trimester prenatal care
2. 胎児の健診 (妊娠中期および後期) prenatal care second and third trimesters
3. グループでの妊婦管理 group prenatal care
4. ホームレス女性の妊娠ケア prenatal care for homeless women
5. 女性受刑者に対する妊婦管理 prenatal care for incarcerated women

English Journal

Association Between Oxidized LDL and Folate During Pregnancy.

Shiraishi M, Haruna M, Matsuzaki M, Ota E, Murayama R, Watanabe E, Sasaki S, Yeo S, Murashima S.Source1Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
Biological research for nursing.Biol Res Nurs.2013 Apr;15(2):213-8. doi: 10.1177/1099800411427581. Epub 2011 Dec 15.
High levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) during pregnancy are a risk factor for preeclampsia. Ox-LDL levels might be affected by folate and total homocysteine (tHcy) levels because of their effects on oxygen free radicals. The relationships between ox-LDL and folate and tHcy during p
PMID 22174318

Bone status in activity-restricted pregnant women assessed using calcaneal quantitative ultrasound.

Brandao KL, Mottola MF, Gratton R, Maloni J.Source1R. Samuel McLaughlin Foundation-Exercise and Pregnancy Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
Biological research for nursing.Biol Res Nurs.2013 Apr;15(2):205-12. doi: 10.1177/1099800411423807. Epub 2011 Oct 13.
Objective:Pregnancy-induced bone loss may be further exacerbated by activity restriction (AR). The authors compared the bone status of AR hospitalized (≥7 days) pregnant women in the third trimester to ambulatory (AM) women at the same gestational age, using a prospective cross-sectional design.Me
PMID 21998449

The Role of Androgenic Steroids in Shaping Social Phenotypes Across the Lifespan in Male Marmosets (Callithrix spp.).

French JA.SourceDepartments of Psychology and Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska.
American journal of primatology.Am J Primatol.2013 Mar;75(3):212-21. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22077. Epub 2012 Sep 19.
Steroid hormones, particularly androgens and their metabolic derivatives, play a prominent role in shaping morphological, behavioral, and social phenotypes in many organisms, including primates. This paper reviews the endocrine correlates of development in male marmoset monkeys of the genus Callithr
PMID 23335110

Japanese Journal

妊婦健診未受診妊産婦による新生児虐待の回避要件　－虐待傾向のある母親の特徴をふまえて－

井上寿美,笹倉千佳弘
関西福祉大学社会福祉学部研究紀要 16(2), 13-18, 2013-03-00
本研究の目的は，新生児期における妊婦健診未受診妊産婦（以下では「未受診妊産婦」とする）による出生児虐待の回避要件を明らかにすることである．虐待傾向のある親の特徴を用いて未受診妊産婦の実態に検討を加えた結果，未受診妊産婦は，その類型により程度の差はあっても，すべてが虐待傾向を有していることが明らかになった．新生児期は，出生児の生存の可否が全面的に他者に委ねられていることを勘案すれば，この時期における …
NAID 120005294671

妊娠リスクスコアによる周産期地域連携の質マネジメント(<特集>医療質安全保証に向けた臨床医たちの視座)

小口秀紀,宮崎のどか,鵜飼真由,小出菜月,近藤真哉,古株哲也,邨瀬智彦,岸上靖幸
品質 43(1), 38-43, 2013-01-15
… As the numbers of childbirth facilities in our region has declined, since 2006 we have attempted to achieve a division of roles according to the functions of childbirth facilities in order to prevent the collapse of regional perinatal care services. …
NAID 110009578926