同: PAMPs

WordNet

having partial rights and privileges or subordinate status; "an associate member"; "an associate professor"
a person who joins with others in some activity or endeavor; "he had to consult his associate before continuing"
a person with subordinate membership in a society, institution, or commercial enterprise; "associates in the law firm bill at a lower rate than do partners"
any event that usually accompanies or is closely connected with another; "first was the lightning and then its thunderous associate"
make a logical or causal connection; "I cannot connect these two pieces of evidence in my mind"; "colligate these facts"; "I cannot relate these events at all" (同)tie_in, relate, link, colligate, link up, connect
form a pattern; "These sentences pattern like the ones we studied before"
a model considered worthy of imitation; "the American constitution has provided a pattern for many republics"
make light, rapid and repeated sounds; "gently pattering rain" (同)pitter-patter
a quick succession of light rapid sounds; "the patter of mice"; "the patter of tiny feet"
relating to simple or elementary organization; "proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception"--G.A. Miller
relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules; "molecular structure"; "molecular oxygen"; "molecular weight is the sum of all the atoms in a molecule"
any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈人〉'を'(…の)『仲間に加える』,(…に)連合させる《+『名』〈人〉+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)…'を'結びつけて考える(起こす)《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)『仲間になる』,交際する《+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)合体する,提携する《+『with』+『名』》 / 『仲間』,『同僚』;組合員 / 準会員 / 付属物;連想されるもの / 連合した;仲間の,同僚の / 補助の,準…
(壁紙・織物などの)『模様』,柄,デザイン / 『模範』,手本 / 『原型』,ひな型 / (行動・性資の)『型』,様式パターン / (…の型)・手本に従って)…‘を'型どる,作る,まねる《+『名』+『upon』(『on, after』)+『名』》 / …‘を'模様をつける
〈雨などが〉パラパラ降る / 〈子供・動物などが〉パタパタ走る / (…の)パラパラ(パタパタ)イウ音《+『of』+『名』》
《時にa~》早口ぺらぺらしゃべること…早口のせりふ / おしゃべり,むだ話 / (ある職業・階級の)仲間言葉,符ちょう / 早口に話す,ぺらぺらしゃべる / 〈祈り・詩など〉‘を'早口に唱える
分子の,分子による
病原菌,病原体

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/29 23:43:30」(JST)

wiki en

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, are molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. These molecules can be referred to as small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes. They are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both plants and animals. A vast array of different types of molecules can serve as PAMPs, including glycans and glycoconjugates.^[1]

PAMPs activate innate immune responses, protecting the host from infection, by identifying some conserved non-self molecules. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin found on the bacterial cell membrane of a bacterium, is considered to be the prototypical PAMP. LPS is specifically recognised by TLR 4, a recognition receptor of the innate immune system. Other PAMPs include bacterial flagellin (recognized by TLR 5), lipoteichoic acid from Gram positive bacteria, peptidoglycan, and nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), recognized by TLR 3 or unmethylated CpG motifs, recognized by TLR 9. Although the term "PAMP" is relatively new, the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades, and references to an "endotoxin receptor" are found in much of the older literature.

The term "PAMP" has been criticized on the grounds that most microbes, not only pathogens, express the molecules detected; the term microbe-associated molecular pattern,^[2] or MAMP,^[3] has therefore been proposed. A virulence signal capable of binding to a pathogen receptor, in combination with a MAMP, has been proposed as one way to constitute a (pathogen-specific) PAMP.^[4] Plant immunology frequently treats the terms "PAMP" and "MAMP" interchangeably, considering their recognition to be the first step in plant immunity, PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity), a relatively weak immune response that occurs when the host plant does not also recognize pathogenic effectors which damage it or modulate its immune response.^[5]

Notes and references

^ Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin M, Patel F, Wilken R, Raychaudhuri S, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB (2015). "Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity". J Autoimmun 57 (6): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002. PMID 25578468.
^ Ausubel (2005). "Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved?". Nature Immunology 6 (10): 973–9. doi:10.1038/ni1253. PMID 16177805.
^ Didierlaurent A, Simonet M, Sirard J (2006). "Innate and acquired plasticity of the intestinal immune system". Cell Mol Life Sci 62 (12): 1285–7. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5032-4. PMC 1865479. PMID 15971103.
^ Rumbo M, Nempont C, Kraehenbuhl J, Sirard J (2006). "Mucosal interplay among commensal and pathogenic bacteria: Lessons from flagellin and Toll-like receptor 5". FEBS Letters 580 (12): 2976–84. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.036. PMID 16650409. (Free full text available)
^ Jones DG, Dangl JL (2006). "The plant immune system". Nature 444 (7117): 323–329. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..323J. doi:10.1038/nature05286. PMID 17108957.

External links

Emanual Maverakis et. al. "Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity" (PDF).

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1. 自然免疫系の概要 an overview of the innate immune system
2. Toll様受容体：疾患および治療における役割 toll like receptors roles in disease and therapy
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English Journal

Role of Toll-like receptors in liver health and disease.

Broering R, Lu M, Schlaak JF.Source*Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation initiates an inflammatory response that decreases cardiomyocyte contractility.

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Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as primary innate immune receptors for the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by immune cells, initiating a primary response toward invading pathogens and recruitment of the adaptive immune response. TLRs, especially Toll-li
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Japanese Journal

免疫系を調節するToll 様受容体のリガンド認識とシグナル伝達機構?その生理学的・病理学的役割

引頭毅,猪俣恵,滝川俊也
岐阜歯科学会雑誌 37(3), 138-158, 2011-02-20
免疫系は生体内に存在する異物を感知してそれを排除するシステムであり、自然免疫系と獲得免疫系から成り立っている。自然免疫系は古くから非特異的な応答であると考えられてきたが、この概念を一蹴する引き金となったのはToll 様受容体(Toll-like receptor;TLR)の発見である。TLR は病原体に存在する特有の「分子パターン」と結合し、様々な異物を特異的に感知しうる受容体ファミリーである。多 …
NAID 110008138656