n.

(書物などの)参考、参照、照合(to)。言及、論及(to)。関連、関係(to)

参考書。参考文献。引用文。参照符、参照指示
紹介、問い合わせ(to)。(前歴。身元などの)証明書、推薦状。紹介先、身元保証人
指示、表示。(文法)(代名詞が)指すこと、指示
委託、付託(to)。(法)仲裁、(仲裁人に対する)事件付託

adj.

基準の、参照用の

vt.

関: associate, association, attach, bearing, bench mark, benchmark, canonical, cf., connection, correlate, correlation, criteria, criterion, implication, inquire, inquiry, link, measure, mention, pertinent, refer, referral, relate, relation, relationship, relative, relevance, relevant, standard

WordNet

refer to; "he referenced his colleagues work" (同)cite
the act of referring or consulting; "reference to an encyclopedia produced the answer" (同)consultation
the most direct or specific meaning of a word or expression; the class of objects that an expression refers to; "the extension of `satellite of Mars is the set containing only Demos and Phobos" (同)denotation, extension
a publication (or a passage from a publication) that is referred to; "he carried an armful of references back to his desk"; "he spent hours looking for the source of that quotation" (同)source
the relation between a word or phrase and the object or idea it refers to; "he argued that reference is a consequence of conditioned reflexes"
having partial rights and privileges or subordinate status; "an associate member"; "an associate professor"
a person who joins with others in some activity or endeavor; "he had to consult his associate before continuing"
a person with subordinate membership in a society, institution, or commercial enterprise; "associates in the law firm bill at a lower rate than do partners"
any event that usually accompanies or is closely connected with another; "first was the lightning and then its thunderous associate"
make a logical or causal connection; "I cannot connect these two pieces of evidence in my mind"; "colligate these facts"; "I cannot relate these events at all" (同)tie_in, relate, link, colligate, link up, connect
established or well-known or widely recognized as a model of authority or excellence; "a standard reference work"; "the classical argument between free trade and protectionism"
the value behind the money in a monetary system (同)monetary standard
a board measure = 1980 board feet
any distinctive flag (同)banner
an upright pole or beam (especially one used as a support); "distance was marked by standards every mile"; "lamps supported on standards provided illumination"
a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated; "the schools comply with federal standards"; "they set the measure for all subsequent work" (同)criterion, measure, touchstone
conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers; "standard English" (American); "received standard English is sometimes called the Kings English" (British) (同)received
regularly and widely used or sold; "a standard size"; "a stock item" (同)stock
commonly used or supplied; "standard procedure"; "standard car equipment"
conforming to or constituting a standard of measurement or value; or of the usual or regularized or accepted kind; "windows of standard width"; "standard sizes"; "the standard fixtures"; "standard brands"; "standard operating procedure"
a relation between things or events (as in the case of one causing the other or sharing features with it); "there was a connection between eating that pickle and having that nightmare" (同)connexion, connectedness
a connecting shape (同)connexion, link
the state of being connected; "the connection between church and state is inescapable" (同)link, connectedness
shifting from one form of transportation to another; "the plane was late and he missed his connection in Atlanta" (同)connexion
an instrumentality that connects; "he soldered the connection"; "he didnt have the right connector between the amplifier and the speakers" (同)connexion, connector, connecter, connective
(usually plural) a person who is influential and to whom you are connected in some way (as by family or friendship); "he has powerful connections"
a supplier (especially of narcotics)
use a name to designate; "Christians refer to the mother of Jesus as the Virgin Mary"
be relevant to; "There were lots of questions referring to her talk"; "My remark pertained to your earlier comments" (同)pertain, relate, concern, come_to, bear on, touch, touch_on, have-to doe with
send or direct for treatment, information, or a decision; "refer a patient to a specialist"; "refer a bill to a committee"
think of, regard, or classify under a subsuming principle or with a general group or in relation to another; "This plant can be referred to a known species"
the means of connection between things linked in series (同)nexus
a unit of length equal to 1/100 of a chain
an interconnecting circuit between two or more locations for the purpose of transmitting and receiving data (同)data link
a fastener that serves to join or connect; "the walls are held together with metal links placed in the wet mortar during construction" (同)linkup, tie, tie-in
(computing) an instruction that connects one part of a program or an element on a list to another program or list
a pattern of horizontal and vertical lines that provide coordinates for locating points on an image or a map
supported with written references or citations; "a carefully referenced biography"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…へ)『言及すること』,(…の)話に触れること《+『to』+『名』》;〈C〉言及した事柄 / 〈U〉(…を)『参照すること』,参考《+『to』+『名』》;〈C〉(本などの)出典,参考書;(出典などの)注記 / 〈C〉(人物・才能などの)証明書;身元保証人,照会先
〈人〉'を'(…の)『仲間に加える』,(…に)連合させる《+『名』〈人〉+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)…'を'結びつけて考える(起こす)《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)『仲間になる』,交際する《+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)合体する,提携する《+『with』+『名』》 / 『仲間』,『同僚』;組合員 / 準会員 / 付属物;連想されるもの / 連合した;仲間の,同僚の / 補助の,準…
〈C〉〈U〉『標準』,基準,水準,規範 / 〈C〉(度量衡の)基本単位 / 〈U〉〈C〉(貨幣制度の)本位 / 〈C〉旗,軍旗;(主義・主張などの)旗じるし / 〈C〉支桂,ランプ台,しょく台 / 『標準の』,標準的な / 定評のある,権威のある
(情報・援助などを得るため)(…に)〈人〉‘を'『差し向ける』,行かせる(send, direct) / (委員会などに)〈問題など〉‘を'『委託する』,持ち込む / 《まれ》〈物事〉‘を'(…の)せいにする / (…に)『話を及ぼす』,ふれる / (…に)『関係する』,当てはまる / (辞書・メモなどを)『参照する』;引用する;(人に)問い合わせる
(鎖の)『輪』,環 / 鎖のようにつながったソーセージの一節 / (…と)つなぐ物(人),(…との)きずな,つながり《+『with』(『to』)+『名』》 / 《複数形で》=cuff links / …‘を'『つなぎ合わせる』,連結する;(…と)…‘を'つなぐ《+『名』+『with』(『to』)+『名』》 / (…と)結合する,つながる《+[『up』(『together』)]『with』+『名』》
たいまつ
参照附号(*,§など)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/07 22:22:20」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object. The second object – the one to which the first object refers – is called the referent of the first object.

The term reference is used in many spheres of human knowledge, adopting shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used.

References can take on many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is audible (onomatopoeia), visual (text), olfactory, or tactile, emotional state, relationship with other,^[1] spacetime coordinate, symbolic or alpha-numeric, a physical object or an energy projection; but, other concrete and abstract contexts exist as methods of defining references within the scope of the various fields that require an origin, point of departure, or an original form. This includes methods that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography.

The following sections give specific usages of reference in different subjects.

1 Etymology
2 Computer science
3 Bibliographies
4 Library and information sciences
5 Encyclopedias and reference books
6 Psychology
7 Economics and business
8 Education
9 Law
10 Semantics
- 10.1 Meaning
- 10.2 Absent referent
- 10.3 Linguistic sign
11 Mathematics
12 Engineering
13 Arts
14 Literature and rhetoric
15 See also
16 References
17 External links

Etymology

The word reference is derived from Middle English referren, from Middle French référer, from Latin referre, "to carry back", formed from the prefix re- and ferre, "to bear".^[2] A large number of words derive from this root, including referee, referent, referendum, all retaining the basic meaning of the original Latin as "a point, place or source of origin" in terms of which something of comparable nature can be defined. A referee is the provider of this source of origin, and a referent is the possessor of the source of origin, whether it is knowledge, matter or energy.

Computer science

In computer science, references are data types that refer to an object elsewhere in memory and are used to construct a wide variety of data structures, such as linked lists. Generally, a reference is a value that enables a program to directly access the particular data item. Most programming languages support some form of reference.

The C++ programming language has a specific type of reference also referred to as a "reference"; see reference (C++).

The notion of reference is also important in relational database theory; see referential integrity.

Bibliographies

Bibliographies are special reference works that are used to identify as many published works on a given subject as possible, and serve as compilations for other authors or researchers. Poussard v Spiers & Pond (1876),

Library and information sciences

In a library, "reference" may refer to a dictionary, an encyclopedia or other reference work, that contains many brief articles that cover a broad scope of knowledge in one book, or a set of books. However, the word reference is also used to mean a book that cannot be taken from the room, or from the building. Many of the books in the reference department of a library are reference works, but some are books that are simply too large or valuable to loan out. Conversely, selected reference works may be shelved with other circulating books, and may be loaned out.

References to many types of printed matter may come in an electronic or machine-readable form. For books, there exists the ISBN and for journal articles, the Digital object identifier (DOI) is gaining relevance. Information on the Internet may be referred to by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).

Librarians also conduct reference interviews at the library reference desks, to help people find the information they seek. Help may also be available outside the library though virtual reference and digital reference services. The range of cost-per-transaction of reference interactions has been found to be large, due to the differences in librarian salaries and infrastructural costs required by reference interviews.^[3]^[4]

Encyclopedias and reference books

Some published sources are produced as reference works that allow quick access to essential information about given subjects, sometimes compiled as topical collections, and sometimes as general collections of entries. These manuals or handbooks are usually edited for a particular professional or technical use. Language reference works include dictionaries and thesauruses.

Psychology

In terms of mental processing, a self-reference is used in psychology to establish identification with a mental state during self-analysis. This seeks to allow the individual to develop own frames of reference in a greater state of immediate awareness. However, it can laso lead to circular reasoning, preventing evolution of thought.^[5]

Economics and business

In the labour market, potential employers often ask job applicants for references or recommendations, so that their suitability can be verified independently. The references can be a written letter, but are often just a contact telephone number. Employers can ask for professional references, which are from former employers, or for character references, which are from people of distinction such as doctors or teachers. The source of the reference must be well known to the applicant and able to vouch for their abilities during employment.

In business administration, terms of reference describe the purpose and structure of a project, committee, meeting, negotiation, or any similar collection of people who have agreed to work together to accomplish a shared goal. The terms of reference of a project are often referred to as the project charter.

In business marketing and public procurement and tenders references are often used within the field of engineering, consultancy, industry and construction contracts. References are used to examine a company's ability to deliver the required level of service. Very often bigger companies will have hundreds or even thousands of references and will often try to categorize and manage them with reference management software.

Education

In academics and scholarship, an author-title-date information in bibliographies and footnotes, specifying complete works of other people. Copying of material by another author without proper citation or without required permissions is plagiarism.

Keeping a diary allows an individual to use references for personal organization, whether or not anyone else understands the systems of reference used. However, scholars have studied methods of reference because of their key role in communication and co-operation between different people, and also because of misunderstandings that can arise. Modern academic study of reference has been developing since the 19th Century.^[6]

In scholarship, a reference may be a citation of a text that has been used in the creation of a piece of work such as an essay, report, or oration. Its primary purpose is to allow people who read such work to examine the author's sources, either for validity or to learn more about the subject. Such items are often listed at the end of an article or book in a section marked "Bibliography" or "References". A bibliographical section often contains works not cited by the author, but used as background reading or listed as potentially useful to the reader. A reference section contains all of the works and only those works cited by the author(s) in the main text.

Law

In law, references are documents or people providing witness to character. This connotation is also used in employment.

In patent law, a reference is a document that can be used to show the state of knowledge at a given time and that therefore may make a claimed invention obvious or anticipated. Examples of references are patents of any country, magazine articles, Ph.D. theses that are indexed and thus accessible to those interested in finding information about the subject matter, and to some extent Internet material that is similarly accessible.

In Canadian law, a reference question is a procedure through which the government can submit legal questions to the Supreme Court of Canada and provincial governments to the provincial courts of appeal.

Semantics

In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relationships between nouns or pronouns and objects that are named by them. Hence, the word "John" refers to the person John. The word "it" refers to some previously specified object. The object referred to is called the "referent" of the word.^[7] Sometimes the word-object relation is called "denotation"; the word denotes the object. The converse relation, the relation from object to word, is called "exemplification"; the object exemplifies what the word denotes. In syntactic analysis, if a word refers to a previous word, the previous word is called the "antecedent".

Meaning

Gottlob Frege argued that reference cannot be treated as identical with meaning: "Hesperus" (an ancient Greek name for the evening star) and "Phosphorus" (an ancient Greek name for the morning star) both refer to Venus, but the astronomical fact that '"Hesperus" is "Phosphorus"' can still be informative, even if the "meanings" of "Hesperus" and "Phosphorus" are already known. This problem led Frege to distinguish between the sense and reference of a word. Some cases seem to be too complicated to be classified within this framework; the acceptance of the notion of secondary reference may be necessary to fill the gap. See also Opaque context.

Absent referent

Words can often be meaningful without having a concrete here-and-now referent. Fictional and mythological names such as "Bo-Peep" and "Hercules" illustrate this possibility. Sign links with absent referents also allow for discussing abstract ideas ("love," "peace") as well as people and events of the past and future.

For those who argue that one cannot directly experience the divine (e.g. God), the sign "God" can serve as an example of a reference with an absent referent. Additionally, certain sects of Judaism and other religions consider it sinful to write, discard, or deface the name of the divine. To avoid this problem, the signifier G-d is sometimes used, though this could be seen as a sign that refers to another sign with an absent referent.

Linguistic sign

The very concept of the linguistic sign is the combination of content and expression, the former of which may refer entities in the world or refer more abstract concepts, e.g. thought. Certain parts of speech exist only to express reference, namely anaphora such as pronouns. The subset of reflexives expresses co-reference of two participants in a sentence. These could be the agent (actor) and patient (acted on), as in "The man washed himself", the theme and recipient, as in "I showed Mary to herself", or various other possible combinations.

Mathematics

In mathematics, the absent referent can be seen with the symbol for zero, "0" or the empty set, "{ }".^{[dubious – discuss]}

A reference point in Geometry is a location used to describe another point, by giving the relative position. Similarly there is the concept of frame of reference (both in physics and figuratively) and benchmark (in surveying and figuratively).

Engineering

In engineering a reference design is often used during the pre-production phase of design development to test design features against original specifications.

Arts

In art, a reference is an item from which a work is based. This may include:

an existing artwork,
a reproduction (i.e., photo),
directly observed object (i.e., person), or
the artist's memory.

Another example of reference is samples of various musical works being incorporated into a new one.

Literature and rhetoric

In academic literature, a reference is a previously published written work within academic publishing that has been used as a source for theory or claims referred to that are used in the text. References contain complete bibliographic information so the interested reader can find them in a library. References can be added either at the end of the publication or as footnotes.

In publishing, a reference is citation of a work, in a footnote, from which an idea was taken.

References

^ Treanor, Brian, Aspects of alterity: Levinas, Marcel, and the contemporary debate, Fordham University Press, 2006, p.41
^ Klein, Ernest, A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the English language, Vol II, Elsevier publishing company, Amsterdam, 1969, p.1317
^ Murfin, Marjorie E. "Cost Analysis of Library Reference Services," Advances in Library Administration and Organization, 11, 1993, pp. 1–36.
^ Eakin, Lorraine, & Pomerantz, Jeffrey. "Virtual Reference, Real Money: Modeling Costs in Virtual Reference Services," portal: Libraries and the Academy, 9, 2009, pp. 133-164.
^ Engle, Eric, Lex Naturalis, Ius Naturalis: Law as Positive Reasoning & Natural Rationality, The Rlias Clark Group, Melbourne, 2010, p.75
^ Reimer, Marga (2009). "Reference". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
^ Saeed, John, Semantics, Blackwell, p. 12, ISBN 0-631-22693-1

External links

Look up reference in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Reference.com – a multi-source encyclopedia search service, and language reference products provider
References.net – a directory of multidisciplinary reference resources on the web
Reference Resources – reference related websites in the Yahoo! Directory
Refmuseum.com - The online museum of references

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「associate」「関連」「connection」「pertinent」「refer」
拡張検索	「reference value」「conditioned place preference」

「associate」

　　[★]

vt.

結合する、連合させる。連想によって結びつける。(人を)仲間/友達などとしての関係に置く。(化)会合させる

vi.

仲間/友人などとして交際する(with)。一つにまとめる、連合する

n.

仕事仲間、提携者、同僚。友人、朋友。準会員。従業員、社員
密接な蒸す偽付きのある物、付随する物、つきもの。準国家
連想によって心に浮かぶ言葉/思い、連想物

adj.

仲間の、同僚の。製紙機械員に次ぐ資格の
付随する、連想される

関: accompany、association、associative、attach、bearing、bind、binding、bond、bonding、coassemble、colleague、combine、conjoin、conjugate、conjugation、conjunction、connect、connection、correlate、correlation、couple、dock、engage、engagement、federation、implication、join、joint、ligate、link、linkage、peer、pertinent、reference、relate、relation、relationship、relative、relevance、relevant、symphysial、union

「関連」

　　[★]

英: relation、relationship、correlation、relevance、link、implication、connection、bearing、association、reference、relate、associate、attach、correlate、relative、relevant、pertinent
関: 暗示、意味、会合、関係、関する、関連性、基準、共生、結合、結線、言及、参考、参照、照会、親戚、親類、軸受け、相関、相関性、相互関係、相対、相対性、相対的、対合、態度、妥当、適切、同僚、付随、付着、結びつける、類縁体、連関、連結、連合、連合性、連鎖、連接、連絡、群集、添付、協会、接続、関係性、リファレンス、リンク、参考文献、相関関係、関連づける

「connection」

　　[★]

n.

結合、関連、関係、連絡、結線、接続

関: access、associate、association、attach、bearing、bind、binding、bond、bonding、combine、communicate、communication、concern、conjoin、conjugate、conjugation、conjunction、connect、contact、correlate、correlation、couple、dock、engage、engagement、germane、implicate、implication、interplay、join、juncture、liaison、ligate、link、linkage、pertain、pertinent、referable、reference、relate、relation、relationship、relative、relevance、relevant、respect、symphysial、union

「pertinent」

　　[★]

adj.

直接関係のある、適切な、的を得た、しっくりした(to)

Note that tobacco, alcohol, and drugs may also be included in the Personal and Social History; however, many clinicians find these habits pertinent to the Present Illness.