| Myeloproliferative neoplasm |
| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
D47.1 |
| ICD-9 |
205.1, 238.4, 289.89, 289.9 |
| ICD-O: |
9950/0-9964/3 |
| MeSH |
D009196 |
The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), previously myeloproliferative diseases (MPDs), are a group of diseases of the bone marrow in which excess cells are produced. They are related to, and may evolve into, myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, although the myeloproliferative diseases on the whole have a much better prognosis than these conditions. The concept of myeloproliferative disease was first proposed in 1951 by the hematologist William Dameshek.[1] In the most recent World Health Organization classification of Hematologic malignancies, this group of diseases was renamed from "myeloproliferative diseases" to "myeloproliferative neoplasms".[2] This reflects the underlying clonal genetic changes that are a salient feature of this group of disease.
The increased numbers of blood cells may not cause any symptoms, but a number of medical problems or symptoms may occur. The risk of thrombosis is increased in some types of MPN.
Contents
- 1 Classification
- 2 Causes
- 3 Diagnosis
- 3.1 Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
- 3.2 Essential thrombocythemia (ET)
- 3.3 Polycythemia vera (PV)
- 3.4 Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)
- 4 Treatment
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Classification
Although not a malignant neoplasm like other cancers, MPDs are classified within the hematological neoplasms. There are four main myeloproliferative diseases, which can be further categorized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome:[citation needed]
| "Philadelphia Chromosome positive" |
"Philadelphia Chromosome negative" |
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
|
- Essential thrombocytosis (ET)
- Polycythemia vera (PV)
- Myelofibrosis (MF)
|
In 2008, the World Health Organization listed these diagnoses as types of MPD:[3]
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia (BCR-ABL1–positive)
- Chronic neutrophilic leukemia
- Polycythemia vera
- Primary myelofibrosis
- Essential thrombocythemia
- Chronic eosinophilic leukemia (not otherwise specified)
- Mastocytosis
Causes
All MPDs arise from precursors of the myeloid lineages in the bone marrow. The lymphoid lineage may produce similar diseases, the lymphoproliferative disorders (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma).
Most Philadelphia Chromosome Negative cases have an activating JAK2 or MPL mutation.[4] Mutations in CALR have been found in the majority of JAK2 and MPL-negative essential thrombocythemia and myelofibrosis.[5] [6] In 2005, the discovery of the JAK2V617F mutation provided the first evidence that a fraction of persons with these disorders have a common molecular pathogenesis.[7][8][9][10] Patients with JAK2V617F-negative polycythemia vera are instead positive for another class of activating JAK2 mutations - the JAK2 exon 12 mutations.[11]
A subset may additionally have mutations in the genes LNK, CBL, TET2, ASXL1, IDH, IKZF1 or EZH2; the pathogenetic contribution of these mutations is being studied.[citation needed]
Diagnosis
Depending on the nature of the myeloproliferative neoplasm, diagnostic tests may include red cell mass determination (for polycythemia), bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy, arterial oxygen saturation and carboxyhaemoglobin level, neutrophil alkaline phosphatase level, vitamin B12 (or B12 binding capacity) and serum urate.[12]
According to the WHO Classification of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Neoplasms 2008 myeloproliferative neoplasms are divided into categories by diagnostic characteristics.[3]
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
With defining translocation t(9;22);Philadelphia Chromosome, BCR-ABL translocation which has three breakpoints:
- u-BCR-ABL (p230): leads to CML with usual neutrophilia and basophilia
- minor-BCR-ABL (p190): leads to CML which has a tendency to become acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) usually precursor B ALL and rarely precursor T ALL
- major-BCR-ABL (p210): normal usual breakpoint
Essential thrombocythemia (ET)
ET is associated with the JAK2V617F mutation in up to 55% of cases[13] and with an MPL (thrombopoietin receptor) mutation in up to 5% of cases:[14]
- Cellular phase - increased large megakaryocytes with fibrosis and little increase in other bone marrow elements
- Fibrotic phase - collagenous fibrosis with lack of marrow elements
These disorders are still being revised according to more specific genetic mutations and how often patients end in a fibrotic marrow event.
Polycythemia vera (PV)
PV is associated most often with the JAK2V617F mutation in greater than 95% of cases, whereas the remainder have a JAK2 exon 12 mutation:
- Cellular phase - increased megakaryocytes which cluster, reticulin fibrosis, later trichrome fibrosis, and increased myeloid and erythroid precursors
- Fibrotic phase - collagenous fibrosis with lack of marrow elements
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)
PMF is associated with the JAK2V617F mutation in up to 50% of cases, the JAK2 exon 12 mutations in 1-2% of cases, and the MPL (thrombopoietin receptor) mutation in up to 5% of cases:
- Cellular phase - increased megakaryocytes which cluster, reticulin fibrosis, later trichrome (collagenous) fibrosis, and increased myeloid precursors
- Fibrotic phase - collagenous fibrosis with lack of marrow elements
Treatment
While investigational drug therapies exist, there is currently not a curative drug treatment for any of the MPDs. The goal of treatment for ET and PV is prevention of thrombo-hemorrhagic complications. The goal of treatment for MF is amelioration of anemia, splenomegaly, and other symptoms. Low-dose aspirin is effective in PV and ET. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have improved the prognosis of CML patients.[4]
Recently a JAK2 inhibitor has been approved for use in primary myelofibrosis.[15] Trials of these inhibitors are in progress for the treatment of the other myeloproliferative neoplasms.
References
- ^ Dameshek W (1951). "Some speculations on the myeloproliferative syndromes". Blood 6 (4): 372–5. PMID 14820991.
- ^ Tefferi A, Vainchenker W (February 2011). "Myeloproliferative neoplasms: molecular pathophysiology, essential clinical understanding, and treatment strategies". J. Clin. Oncol. 29 (5): 573–82. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.29.8711. PMID 21220604. 2
- ^ a b Vardiman, J. W.; Thiele, J.; Arber, D. A.; Brunning, R. D.; Borowitz, M. J.; Porwit, A.; Harris, N. L.; Le Beau, M. M.; Hellström-Lindberg, E.; Tefferi, A.; Bloomfield, C. D. (2009). "The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: Rationale and important changes". Blood 114 (5): 937–51. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-03-209262. PMID 19357394.
- ^ a b Tefferi A, Vainchenker W (February 2011). "Myeloproliferative neoplasms: molecular pathophysiology, essential clinical understanding, and treatment strategies". J. Clin. Oncol. 29 (5): 573–82. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.29.8711. PMID 21220604.
- ^ Klampfl T, Gisslinger H, Harutyunyan AS, et al. Somatic mutations of calreticulin in myeloproliferative neoplasms. N Engl J Med 2013;369:2379-2390
- ^ Nangalia J, Massie CE, Baxter EJ, et al. Somatic CALR mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms with nonmutated JAK2. N Engl J Med 2013;369:2391-2405
- ^ Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ, et al. (2005). "Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders". Lancet 365 (9464): 1054–1061. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71142-9. PMID 15781101.
- ^ James C, Ugo V, Le Couedic JP, et al. (2005). "A unique clonal JAK2 mutation leading to constitutive signalling causes polycythaemia vera". Nature 434 (7037): 1144–1148. doi:10.1038/nature03546. PMID 15793561.
- ^ Levine RL, Wadleigh M, Cools J, et al. (2005). "Activating mutation in the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis". Cancer Cell 7 (4): 387–397. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2005.03.023. PMID 15837627.
- ^ Kralovics R, Passamonti F, Buser AS, et al. (2005). "A gain-of-function mutation of JAK2 in myeloproliferative disorders". N Engl J Med 352 (17): 1779–1790. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa051113. PMID 15858187.
- ^ Scott LM, Tong W, Levine RL, et al. (2007). "JAK2 exon 12 mutations in polycythemia vera and idiopathic erythrocytosis". N. Engl. J. Med 356 (5): 459–68. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa065202. PMC 2873834. PMID 17267906.
- ^ Levene, Malcolm I.; Lewis, S. M.; Bain, Barbara J.; Imelda Bates (2001). Dacie & Lewis Practical Haematology. London: W B Saunders. p. 586. ISBN 0-443-06377-X.
- ^ Campbell PJ, Scott LM, Buck G, et al. (2005). "Definition of subtypes of essential thrombocythaemia and relation to polycythaemia vera based on JAK2 V617F mutation status: a prospective study". Lancet 366 (9501): 1945–1953. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67785-9. PMID 16325696.
- ^ Beer PA, Campbell PJ, Scott LM, Bench AJ, Erber WN, Bareford D, Wilkins BS, Reilly JT, Hasselbalch HC, Bowman R, Wheatley K, Buck G, Harrison CN, Green AR (July 2008). "MPL mutations in myeloproliferative disorders: analysis of the PT-1 cohort". Blood 112 (1): 141–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-01-131664. PMID 18451306.
- ^ Tibes R, Bogenberger JM, Benson KL, Mesa RA (October 2012). "Current outlook on molecular pathogenesis and treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms". Mol Diagn Ther 16 (5): 269–83. doi:10.1007/s40291-012-0006-3. PMID 23023734.
External links
- Myeloproliferative Disorders at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- MPN Research Foundation
- Myeloproliferative Disorders Website of The CMPD Education Foundation
- Myeloproliferative Disorders in practice
- Myeloproliferative Disorders Research Consortium
- MPN Info via Cancer.gov
- Spotlight on MPN
- Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Website, MPN Patient Research Hub, PV Reporter
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Myeloid hematological malignancy/leukemia histology (ICD-O 9590–9989, C81–C96, 200–208)
|
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CFU-GM/
and other granulocytes |
| CFU-GM |
| Myelocyte |
| AML: |
- Acute myeloblastic leukemia
- M0
- M1
- M2
- APL/M3
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| MP |
- Chronic neutrophilic leukemia
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|
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| Monocyte |
| AML |
- AMoL/M5
- Myeloid dendritic cell leukemia
|
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| CML |
- Philadelphia chromosome
- Accelerated phase chronic myelogenous leukemia
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|
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| Myelomonocyte |
| AML |
|
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| MD-MP |
- Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
- Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
|
|
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| Other |
|
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| CFU-Baso |
|
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| CFU-Eos |
| AML |
|
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| MP |
- Chronic eosinophilic leukemia/Hypereosinophilic syndrome
|
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|
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| MEP |
| CFU-Meg |
|
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| CFU-E |
| AML |
|
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| MP |
|
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| MD |
- Refractory anemia
- Refractory anemia with excess of blasts
- Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
- Sideroblastic anemia
- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
- Refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia
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|
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| CFU-Mast |
| Mastocytoma |
- Mast cell leukemia
- Mast cell sarcoma
- Systemic mastocytosis
|
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| Mastocytosis: |
- Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis
- Erythrodermic mastocytosis
- Adult type of generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis
- Urticaria pigmentosa
- Mast cell sarcoma
- Solitary mastocytoma
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| Systemic mastocytosis |
- Xanthelasmoidal mastocytosis
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| Multiple/unknown |
| AML |
- Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis
- Myeloid sarcoma
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| MP |
- Myelofibrosis
- Acute biphenotypic leukaemia
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cell/phys (coag, heme, immu, gran), csfs
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rbmg/mogr/tumr/hist, sysi/epon, btst
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drug (B1/2/3+5+6), btst, trns
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