WordNet

display (clothes) as a mannequin; "model the latest fashion"
the act of representing something (usually on a smaller scale) (同)modelling, modeling
representation of something (sometimes on a smaller scale) (同)simulation
a representative form or pattern; "I profited from his example" (同)example
a person who poses for a photographer or painter or sculptor; "the president didnt have time to be a model so the artist worked from photos" (同)poser
someone worthy of imitation; "every child needs a role model" (同)role model
a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process; "the computer program was based on a model of the circulatory and respiratory systems" (同)theoretical account, framework
a type of product; "his car was an old model"
construct a model of; "model an airplane" (同)mock up
form in clay, wax, etc; "model a head with clay" (同)mold, mould
plan or create according to a model or models (同)pattern
assume a posture as for artistic purposes; "We dont know the woman who posed for Leonardo so often" (同)pose, sit, posture
create a representation or model of; "The pilots are trained in conditions simulating high-altitude flights" (同)simulate
manipulate the mouse of a computer
a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad; "a mouse takes much more room than a trackball" (同)computer mouse
any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
person who is quiet or timid
a particular functioning condition or arrangement; "switched from keyboard to voice mode"
the most frequent value of a random variable (同)modal value
any of various fixed orders of the various diatonic notes within an octave (同)musical mode
relating to a recently developed fashion or style; "their offices are in a modern skyscraper"; "tables in modernistic designs"; (同)modern, modernistic
a British teenager or young adult in the 1960s; noted for their clothes consciousness and opposition to the rockers
resembling sculpture; "her finely modeled features"; "rendered with...vivid sculptural effect"; "the sculpturesque beauty of the athletes bodies" (同)sculptural, sculptured, sculpturesque

PrepTutorEJDIC

(通名縮小した)(…の)『模型』,ひな型《+『of』+『名』》 / 《単数形で》(…の)『模範』,手本《+『of』+(『for』)+『名』》 / (美術家・作家などの)モデル,ファッションモデル / (自動車・服装などの)型,式《+『of』+『名』》 / 《英》《単数形で》(…と)そっくりな人(物),(…の)生き写し《+『of』+『名』》 / 『模型の』,見本の / 『日範的な』,申し分のない / (ある材料で)…‘の'模型を作る,‘を'型どる《+『名』+『in』+『名』〈材料〉》 / (手本・型に合わせて)…‘を'作る《+『名』+『after』(『on, upon』)+『名』(a person's do『ing』)》 / 〈洋装・髪型などの〉‘の'モデルをする / (…で)(原型)を作る《+『in』+『名』》 / (ファッションショーなどで)モデルをする
『ハツカネズミ』(英米の家によく出没する小型のネズミ;ほが国の家に出没する大型のネズミはrat) / 《話》臆病者,内気な人 / 《猫が》ネズミを捜す(捕らえる) / 《人が》(…を)あさり歩く《+『about』+『名』》
〈C〉(…の)『方法』,やり方,流儀《+『of』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(服装などの)『流行』,モード / 〈C〉(動詞の)法,叙法(mood) / 音階(scale)
モッズふうな(服装・音楽などについて伝統にとらわれない考え方の一つ)[modernの短縮形]

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/16 10:37:12」(JST)

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Main article: Animal testing

Rodents are commonly used in animal testing, particularly mice and rats, but also guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils and others.

The statistics[edit]

In the UK in 2004, 1,910,110 mice, 464,727 rats and 37,475 other rodents were used (84.5% of the total animals used that year). In 2005, the total number of rodents used was similar to the previous year: 1,955,035 mice, 414,335 rats and 40,856 other rodents.

In the U.S., the numbers of rats and mice used are not reported, but have been estimated at 15–20 million per year.^[1] In 2000, the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, published the results of an analysis of its Rats/Mice/and Birds Database: Researchers, Breeders, Transporters, and Exhibitors.

Over 2,000 research organizations are listed in the database, of which approximately 500 were researched and of these, 100 were contacted directly by FRD staff. These organizations include hospitals, government organizations, private companies (pharmaceutical companies, etc.), universities/colleges, a few secondary schools, and research institutes. Of these 2,000, approximately 960 are regulated by USDA; 349 by NIH; and 560 accredited by AALAC. Approximately 50 percent of the organizations contacted revealed a specific or approximated number of animals in their laboratories. The total number of animals for those organizations is: 250,000–1,000,000 rats; 400,000–2,000,000 mice; and 130,000–900,000 birds.

Mice[edit]

Mice are the most commonly used vertebrate species, popular because of their availability, size, low cost, ease of handling, and fast reproduction rate.^[2]

They are widely considered to be the prime model of inherited human disease and share 99% of their genes with humans.^[3] With the advent of genetic engineering technology, genetically modified mice can be generated to order and can cost hundreds of dollars each.^[4]

Transgenic animal production consists of injecting each construct into 300–350 eggs, typically representing three days' work. Twenty to fifty mice will normally be born from this number of injected eggs. These animals are screened for the presence of the transgene by a polymerase chain reaction genotyping assay. The number of transgenic animals typically varies from two to eight.^[5]

Chimeric mouse production consists of injecting embryonic stem cells provided by the investigator into 150–175 blastocysts, representing three days of work. Thirty to fifty live mice are normally born from this number of injected blastocysts. Normally, the skin color of the mice from which the host blastocysts are derived is different from that of the strain used to produce the embryonic stem cells. Typically two to six mice will have skin and hair with greater than seventy percent ES cell contribution, indicating a good chance for embryonic stem cell contribution to the germline.^[5]

Notes[edit]

^ "Education about Animal Research". Foundation for Biomedical Research. Archived from the original on 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
^ Willis-Owen SA, Flint J (2006). "The genetic basis of emotional behaviour in mice". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 14 (6): 721–8. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201569. PMID 16721408.
^ The Measure Of Man, Sanger Institute Press Release, 5 December 2002
^ Taconic Transgenic Models, Taconic Farms, Inc.
^ ^a ^b "WUSM :: Mouse Genetics Core :: Services". Washington University in St. Louis. 2005-07-07. Retrieved 2007-10-22.

External links[edit]

Information about mouse models from HOPES:Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford

UpToDate Contents

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4. 遺伝学およびゲノミクスのためのツール：モデルシステム tools for genetics and genomics model systems
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English Journal

Key Signaling Events for Committing Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cells to the Germline Fate.

Wang JQ1, Cao WG2.
Biology of reproduction.Biol Reprod.2016 Dec;94(1):24. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.135095. Epub 2015 Dec 16.
The process of germline development carries genetic information and preparatory totipotency across generations. The last decade has witnessed remarkable successes in the generation of germline cells from mouse pluripotent stem cells, especially induced germline cells with the capacity for producing
PMID 26674564

Persistent Requirement and Alteration of the Key Targets of PRDM1 During Primordial Germ Cell Development in Mice.

Yamashiro C1, Hirota T1, Kurimoto K1, Nakamura T1, Yabuta Y1, Nagaoka SI2, Ohta H1, Yamamoto T3, Saitou M4.
Biology of reproduction.Biol Reprod.2016 Dec;94(1):7. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.133256. Epub 2015 Nov 19.
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the foundation of totipotency and vital for reproduction and heredity. PGCs in mice arise from the epiblast around Embryonic Day (E) 7.0, migrate through the hindgut endoderm, and colonize and proliferate in the embryonic gonads until around E13.5 prior to their diff
PMID 26586842

Genetic and Pharmacological Modulation of Akt1 for Improving Ovarian Graft Revascularization in a Mouse Model.

Cohen Y1, Dafni H2, Avni R3, Fellus L3, Bochner F3, Rotkopf R4, Raz T5, Benjamin LE6, Walsh K7, Neeman M8.
Biology of reproduction.Biol Reprod.2016 Dec;94(1):14. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.131987. Epub 2015 Oct 21.
Ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation is one of a few available treatments for fertility preservation in women diagnosed with cancer. Rapid revascularization is essential for reducing hypoxic damage after grafting and protecting the primordial follicles reserve. Using a mouse model of
PMID 26490838

Japanese Journal

Functional expression of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1 in mouse brain neurons: Possible involvement in neuronal differentiation

Nakamichi Noritaka,Taguchi Takayuki,Hosotani Hiroshi,Wakayama Tomohiko,Shimizu Takuya,Sugiura Tomoko,Iseki Shoichi,Kato Yukio
Neurochemistry International 61(7), 1211-1132, 2012-12
… Immunohistochemical analysis revealed colocalization of OCTN1 with neuronal cell markers microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and βIII-tubulin in mouse brain and primary cultured cortical neurons, respectively. … In neuronal model Neuro2a cells, knockdown of OCTN1 by siRNA reduced the uptake of [ 3H]ERGO with concomitant up-regulation of oxidative stress marker HO-1 and Sox2, and down-regulation of neurite outgrowth marker GAP43. …
NAID 120004966621

Alimentary Tract オリゴ糖の構造変化はβ-1,4-ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼ欠損マウスにおける腸炎の誘発を低減させる

藤谷幹浩,？後裕,SHINZAKI SHINICHIRO [他]
Review of gastroenterology & clinical gastroenterology and hepatology 7(3), 25-29, 2012-11
NAID 40019481409

Dopamine release via the vacuolar ATPase V0 sector c-subunit, confirmed in N18 neuroblastoma cells, results in behavioral recovery in hemiparkinsonian mice

Duo Jin,Muramatsu Shin-ichi,Shimizu Nobuaki,Yokoyama Shigeru,Hirai Hirokazu,Yamada Kiyofumi,Liu Hong-Xiang,Higashida Chiharu,Hashii Minako,Higashida Akihiko,Asano Masahide,Ohkuma Shoji,Higashida Haruhiro
Neurochemistry International 61(6), 907-912, 2012-11
… Here, we report transfection of adeno-associated viral vectors harboring rat ATP6V0C into the mouse substantia nigra, in which high potassium stimulation increased overflow of endogenous dopamine (DA) measured in the striatum by in vivo microdialysis. …
NAID 120004966609

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