出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/23 21:31:07」(JST)
Human positions refer to the different positions that the human body can take.
There are several synonyms that refer to the human position, often used interchangeably, but having specific flavors.[1]
While not moving, a human is usually in one of the following basic positions:
Although quiet standing appears to be static, modern instrumentation shows it to be a process of rocking from the ankle in the sagittal plane. The sway of quiet standing is often likened to the motion of an inverted pendulum.[3] There are many mechanisms in the body that are suggested to control this movement, e.g. a spring action in muscles, higher control from the nervous system or core muscles.
Although standing isn't dangerous per se, there are pathologies associated with it. One short term condition is orthostatic hypotension, and long term conditions are sore feet, stiff legs and low back pain.
Sitting requires the buttocks resting on a more or less horizontal structure, like a chair or the ground. Special ways of sitting are with the legs horizontal, and in an inclined seat. While on a chair the shins are usually vertical, on the ground the shins may be crossed in the lotus position or be placed horizontally under the thigh in a seiza.
Squatting is a posture where the weight of the body is on the feet (as with standing) but the knees are bent either fully (full or deep squat) or partially (partial, half, semi, parallel or monkey squat). It may be used as a posture for resting or working at ground level when the ground is too dirty to sit or kneel; for urination and defecation (the normal such posture in the many parts of the world that use squat toilets); or as a temporary position during lower body squat exercises.
When in lying position, the body may assume a great variety of shapes and positions. The following are the basic recognized positions.
Lying on either side, with the body straight or bent/curled forward or backward. The fetal position is lying or sitting curled, with limbs close to the torso and the head close to the knees.
Kneeling is standing not on the feet, but on one or both knees or shins approximately parallel to the ground, possibly raised to an angle depending on the position of the feet. The torso is usually upright but can be considered kneeling at other angles not touching the ground.
To crouch means "to bend down; to stoop low; to lie close to the ground with legs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey or in fear."[4]
Crouching may involve squatting or kneeling.
This is the static form of crawling which is instinctive form of locomotion for very young children. It is a commonly used childbirth position in non-Western cultures.[5]
Atypical positions include:
Such positions are common to break dancing, gymnastics and yoga.
In microgravity, the human body naturally adopts the neutral body posture.
Stress positions place the human body in such a way that a great amount of weight is placed on just one or two muscles. Forcing prisoners to adopt such positions is a method of ill-treatment used for extracting information or as a punishment, possibly amounting to torture. Such positions also are sometimes used as a punishment for children.
A bondage position is a body position created by physical restraints which restricts locomotion, use of the limbs or general freedom of movement.
In addition to the lithotomy position still commonly used by many obstetricians, childbirth positions that are successfully used by midwives and traditional birth-attendants the world over include squatting, standing, kneeling and on all fours, often in a sequence.[5]
Dance position is a position of a dancer or a mutual position of a dance couple assumed during a dance. Describing and mastering proper dance positions is an important part of dance technique.
The two most common defecation positions are squatting and sitting. The squatting posture is used for Japanese and South Asian toilets. It is also commonly used for defecation in the absence of toilets or other devices. The sitting defecation posture is used in Western toilets, with a lean-forward posture or a 90-degrees posture. In general, the posture chosen is a cultural decision although the case has been made that squatting provides health benefits over sitting.
The two most common eating positions are sitting and standing. Sitting is used in most situations and involves sitting in a chair, usually at a table on which the food is placed. The standing position is commonly used in social settings, where the eater may also be holding a small plate or napkin on which the food is resting. Larger meals or portions are usually eaten in the sitting position, while standing most commonly involves smaller amounts of food, or bite sized portions.
The heat escape lessening position (HELP) is a way to position oneself to reduce heat loss in cold water. It is taught as part of the curriculum in Australia, North America and Ireland for lifeguard and boating safety training. It involves essentially positioning one's knees together and hugging them close to the chest using one's arms.
The following positions are specifically used in medicine:[6]
The recovery position or coma position refers to one of a series of variations on a lateral recumbent or three-quarters prone position of the body, into which an unconscious but breathing casualty can be placed as part of first aid treatment.
A large number of resting positions are possible, based on variations of sitting, squatting, kneeling or lying.[7]
A "straddle" or "astride" position is usually adopted when riding a horse, donkey, or other beast of burden, with or without the aid of a saddle. The position is also used for sitting on analogous vehicles and furniture, such as bicycles, motorcycles, or unicycles, and certain types of specialized workbenches (such as a shaving horse). By definition, an essential feature is having one leg on each side of whatever is being straddled.
The posture is often intermediate between standing and sitting positions, allowing body weight to be supported securely, while also affording a high degree of upper body mobility and dynamic balance during vigorous or extended motions.
Sex positions are positions which people may adopt during or for the purpose of sexual intercourse or other sexual activities. Sexual acts are generally described by the positions the participants adopt in order to perform those acts.
The sleeping position is the body configuration assumed by a person during or prior to sleeping. Six basic sleeping positions have been identified[dubious – discuss]:
For anatomically typical males, because of the flexible and protruding nature of the penis, it is simple to control the direction of the urine stream. Most males urinate in a standing position although they could urinate sitting down or squatting.
For anatomically typical females, the urine does not exit at a distance from the body and is therefore harder to control. Females most commonly urinate sitting on a toilet although squatting is a viable alternative. Many females are able to urinate standing, sometimes using a female urination device.
Certain asanas were originally intended primarily to restore and maintain a practitioner's well-being, improve the body's flexibility and vitality, and promote the ability to remain in seated meditation for extended periods.
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