同: LVDd, 左室拡張末期径

WordNet

put an end to; "The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived"
a final state; "he came to a bad end"; "the so-called glorious experiment came to an inglorious end" (同)destruction, death
the point in time at which something ends; "the end of the year"; "the ending of warranty period" (同)ending
bring to an end or halt; "She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime"; "The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I" (同)terminate
a piece of cloth that is left over after the rest has been used or sold (同)remainder, remnant, oddment
(American football) a position on the line of scrimmage; "no one wanted to play end"
the part you are expected to play; "he held up his end"
the concluding parts of an event or occurrence; "the end was exciting"; "I had to miss the last of the movie" (同)last, final_stage
either extremity of something that has length; "the end of the pier"; "she knotted the end of the thread"; "they rode to the end of the line"; "the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix" (同)terminal
(football) the person who plays at one end of the line of scrimmage; "the end managed to hold onto the pass"
a boundary marking the extremities of something; "the end of town"
a final part or section; "we have given it at the end of the section since it involves the calculus"; "Start at the beginning and go on until you come to the end"
one of two places from which people are communicating to each other; "the phone rang at the other end"; "both ends wrote at the same time"
the surface at either extremity of a three-dimensional object; "one end of the box was marked `This side up"
have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical; "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed"; "Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other"; "My property ends by the bushes"; "The symphony ends in a pianissimo" (同)stop, finish, terminate, cease
be the end of; be the last or concluding part of; "This sad scene ended the movie" (同)terminate
toward or on the left; also used figuratively; "he looked right and left"; "the political party has moved left"
a turn toward the side of the body that is on the north when the person is facing east; "take a left at the corner"
the hand that is on the left side of the body; "jab with your left" (同)left_hand
those who support varying degrees of social or political or economic change designed to promote the public welfare (同)left wing
location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east; "she stood on the left"
intended for the left hand; "I rarely lose a left-hand glove" (同)left-hand
being or located on or directed toward the side of the body to the west when facing north; "my left hand"; "left center field"; "the left bank of a river is bank on your left side when you are facing downstream"
of or belonging to the political or intellectual left
indicate the dimensions on; "These techniques permit us to dimension the human heart"
shape or form to required dimensions
the magnitude of something in a particular direction (especially length or width or height)
one of three Cartesian coordinates that determine a position in space
event whose occurrence ends something; "his death marked the ending of an era"; "when these final episodes are broadcast it will be the finish of the show" (同)conclusion, finish
the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme); "I dont like words that have -ism as an ending" (同)termination
of or relating to a ventricle (of the heart or brain)

PrepTutorEJDIC

(細いものの)『端』,先端《+『of』+『名』》 / (物語などの)『終り』,終結部《+『of』+『名』》 / (物事・期間の)『最後』《+『of』+『名』》;(…に)結末をつけるもの《+『to』+『名』》 / (…の)端の部分,末端部《『of』+『名』》 / 《しばしば複数形で》『目的』(purpose),目標(aim) / 《遠回しに》死,滅亡 / 《しばしば複数形で》切れ端,くず,残りもの / (事業などの)部門(part) / (フットボールで)エンド)前衛両端の選手または位置) / …‘を'『終わらせる』,終える / 〈物事が〉…‘の'終りとなる,‘を'締めくくる / 『終わる』,終了する(come to an end)
leaveの過去・過去分詞
《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『左の』,左方の / 《しばしばl-》(政治上の)左翼の,左派の,革新派の / 左に,左方に / 《通例 the ~》『左』,左方,左側 / 《しばしばthe L-》左翼の政党(団体),左派 / 〈U〉(野球で)左翼,レフト(left field);〈C〉左翼手(left fielder) / 〈C〉(ボクシングで)左手打ち
〈C〉(長さ・幅・厚さなどの)『寸法』 / 《通例複数形で》大きさ,範囲,規模 / 〈C〉広がり,展望(scope) / 〈C〉(数学で)次元
終り,終了;(物語・映画などの)結末 / (文の)語尾

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/22 07:50:18」(JST)

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Structure diagram of the human heart from an anterior view. The larger cavities are the ventricles.

In the heart, a ventricle is one of two large chambers that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. The atrium (an adjacent/upper heart chamber that is smaller than a ventricle) primes the Pump. Interventricular means between two or more ventricles (for example the interventricular septum), while intraventricular means within one ventricle (for example an intraventricular block).

In a four-chambered heart, such as that in humans, there are two ventricles: the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation to/for the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta (systemic circulation). (See Double circulatory system for details.)

Structure

Main articles: Left ventricle and Right ventricle

Ventricles have thicker walls than atria and generate higher blood pressures. The physiologic load on the ventricles requiring pumping of blood throughout the body and lungs is much greater than the pressure generated by the atria to fill the ventricles. Further, the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right because it needs to pump blood to most of the body while the right ventricle fills only the lungs.

The mass of the left ventricle, as estimated by magnetic resonance imaging, averages 143 g ± 38.4 g, with a range of 87–224 g.^[1]

Function

During systole, the ventricles contract, pumping blood through the body. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood again.

Volumes

In cardiology, the performance of the ventricles are measured with several volumetric parameters, including end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV)and ejection fraction (E_f).

Wiggers diagram of various events of a cardiac cycle, showing left ventricular volume as a red trace.

Measure view talk edit	Typical value	Normal range
end-diastolic volume (EDV)	120 mL^[2]^{[non-primary source needed]}	65–240 mL^[2]^{[non-primary source needed]}
end-systolic volume (ESV)	50 mL^[2]^{[non-primary source needed]}	16–143 mL^[2]^{[non-primary source needed]}
stroke volume (SV)	70 mL	55–100 mL
ejection fraction (E_f)	58%	55–70%^[3]
heart rate (HR)	75 bpm	60–100 bpm^[4]
cardiac output (CO)	5.25 L/minute	4.0–8.0 L/min^[5]

Dimensions

The heart and its performance are also commonly measured in terms of dimensions, which in this case means one-dimensional distances, usually measured in millimeters. This is not as informative as volumes, but may be much easier to estimate with e.g. M-Mode echocardiography^[6] or with sonomicrometry (mostly used for animal model research). Optimally, it is specified with which plane the distance is measured in, e.g. the dimension of the longitudinal plane.^[7]

Dimension	Abbreviation	Definition	Normally
End-diastolic dimension	EDD	The diameter across a ventricle at the end of diastole, if not else specified then usually referring to the transverse^[8] (left-to-right) internal (luminal) distance, excluding thickness of walls, although it can also be measured as the external distance.
Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension	LVEDD or sometimes LVDD	The end-diastolic dimension of the left ventricle.	48 mm,^[9] Range 36 – 56 mm^[10]
Right ventricular end-diastolic dimension	RVEDD or sometimes RVDD	The end-diastolic dimension of the right ventricle.	Range 10 – 26 mm^[10]
End-systolic dimension	ESD	ESD is similar to the end-diastolic dimension, but is measured at the end of systole (after the ventricles have pumped out blood) rather than at the end of diastole.
Left ventricular end-systolic dimension	LVESD or sometimes LVSD	The end-systolic dimension of the left ventricle.	Range 20 – 40 mm^[10]
Right ventricular end-systolic dimension	RVESD or sometimes RVSD	The end-systolic dimension of the right ventricle.	Range 10 – 26 mm^[10]
Interventricular septal end diastolic dimension	IVSd	The thickness of the interventricular septum.	8.3 mm,^[9] Range 7 – 11 mm^[10]
Left ventricular end diastolic posterior wall dimension	LVPWd	The thickness of the posterior left ventricular wall.	8.3 mm,^[9] Range 7 – 11 mm^[10]
Left atrial dimension	LA		Range 24 – 40 mm^[10]

Fractional shortening (FS) is the fraction of any diastolic dimension that is lost in systole. When referring to endocardial luminal distances, it is EDD minus ESD divided by EDD (times 100 when measured in percentage).^[11] Normal values may differ somewhat dependent on which anatomical plane is used to measure the distances. Normal range is 25-45%, Mild is 20-25%, Moderate is 15-20%, and Severe is <15%. ^[12] Cardiology Diagnostic Tests]</ref> Midwall fractional shortening may also be used to measure diastolic/systolic changes for inter-ventricular septal dimensions^[13] and posterior wall dimensions. However, both endocardial and midwall fractional shortening are dependent on myocardial wall thickness, and thereby dependent on long-axis function.^[14] By comparison, a measure of short-axis function termed epicardial volume change (EVC) is independent of myocardial wall thickness and represents isolated short-axis function.^[14]

Clinical significance

References

^ Schlosser, Thomas; Pagonidis, Konstantin; Herborn, Christoph U.; Hunold, Peter; Waltering, Kai-Uwe; Lauenstein, Thomas C.; Barkhausen, Jörg (2005). "Assessment of Left Ventricular Parameters Using 16-MDCT and New Software for Endocardial and Epicardial Border Delineation". Am J Roentgenol 184 (3): 765–773. doi:10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840765.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Schlosser, Thomas; Pagonidis, Konstantin; Herborn, Christoph U.; Hunold, Peter; Waltering, Kai-Uwe; Lauenstein, Thomas C.; Barkhausen, Jörg (2005). "Assessment of Left Ventricular Parameters Using 16-MDCT and New Software for Endocardial and Epicardial Border Delineation". Am J Roentgenol 184 (3): 765–773. doi:10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840765. Values:
- End-diastolic volume (left ventricular) – average 118 and a range of 68 – 239mL and
- End-systolic volume (left ventricular) – average 50.1 and range, 16 – 143 mL:
- Also, ejection fraction was estimated in this study to be average 59.9% ± 14.4%; range, 18 – 76%, but secondary source (see above) is used in this article instead.
^ O'Connor, Simon (2009). Examination Medicine (The Examination). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 41. ISBN 0-7295-3911-3.
^ Normal ranges for heart rate are among the narrowest limits between bradycardia and tachycardia. See the Bradycardia and Tachycardia articles for more detailed limits.
^ Edwards Lifesciences LLC > Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult 2009
^ van Dam I, van Zwieten G, Vogel JA, Meijler FL (1980). "Left ventricular (diastolic) dimensions and relaxation in patients with atrial fibrillation". Eur. Heart J. Suppl A: 149–56. PMID 7274225.
^ [1] Longitudinal fractional shortening and its relation to diastolic cardiac function. Journal: Journal of Medical Ultrasonics Publisher: Springer Japan ISSN: 1346-4523 (Print) 1613-2254 (Online) Issue: volume 35, Number 3 / September, 2008 Category: Original Article doi:10.1007/s10396-008-0176-0 Pages: 113-118 Subject Collection: Medicine SpringerLink Date: Friday, September 19, 2008
^ Grimsgaard S, Bønaa KH, Hansen JB, Myhre ES (July 1998). "Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemodynamics in humans". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68 (1): 52–9. PMID 9665096.
^ ^a ^b ^c Basavarajaiah S, Wilson M, Naghavi R, Whyte G, Turner M, Sharma S (November 2007). "Physiological upper limits of left ventricular dimensions in highly trained junior tennis players". Br J Sports Med 41 (11): 784–8. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.033993. PMID 17957014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Page 41 in: O'Connor, Simon (2009). Examination Medicine (The Examination). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-7295-3911-3.
^ chfpatients.com > Fractional Shortening (FS) Retrieved on April 7, 2010
^ https://www.stanford.edu/group/ccm_echocardio/cgi-bin/mediawiki/index.php/Left_ventricle_size
^ de Simone G, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, et al. (May 1994). "Assessment of left ventricular function by the midwall fractional shortening/end-systolic stress relation in human hypertension". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 23 (6): 1444–51. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(94)90390-5. PMID 8176105.
^ ^a ^b Ugander M, Carlsson M, Arheden H (Feb 2010). "Short-axis epicardial volume change is a measure of cardiac left ventricular short-axis function, which is independent of myocardial wall thickness". Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 298 (2): H530–5. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00153.2009. PMID 19933422.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 心原性肺水腫の病態生理 pathophysiology of cardiogenic pulmonary edema
2. 左室拡張機能の心エコー評価 echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function
3. 心不全の病態生理：左心室の圧-容積とその他の血行動態の関係 pathophysiology of heart failure left ventricular pressure volume and other hemodynamic relationships
4. 孤立性左室心筋緻密化障害 isolated left ventricular noncompaction
5. 左室収縮機能の評価検査 tests to evaluate left ventricular systolic function

English Journal

Relation between genotype and left-ventricular dilatation in patients with Marfan syndrome.

Aalberts JJ, van Tintelen JP, Meijboom LJ, Polko A, Jongbloed JD, van der Wal H, Pals G, Osinga J, Timmermans J, de Backer J, Bakker MK, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hofstra RM, Mulder BJ, van den Berg MP.SourceDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen. Electronic address: j.j.j.aalberts@umcg.nl.
Gene.Gene.2014 Jan 15;534(1):40-3. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.033. Epub 2013 Oct 24.
Cardiovascular manifestations in patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) are related to aortic and valvular abnormalities. However, dilatation of the left ventricle (LV) can occur, even in the absence of aortic surgery or valvular abnormalities. We evaluated genetic characteristics of patients with MFS
PMID 24161884

MicroRNA-23a is involved in tumor necrosis factor-α induced apoptosis in mesenchymal stem cells and myocardial infarction.

Mao J, Lv Z, Zhuang Y.SourceDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China.
Experimental and molecular pathology.Exp Mol Pathol.2013 Nov 19. pii: S0014-4800(13)00139-1. doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.11.005. [Epub ahead of print]
Cell therapy has emerged as an attractive therapeutic modality to treat myocardial infarction (MI) via repairing damaged myocardium, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an appealing therapeutic approach for cardiac regeneration. However, the clinical application of MSC-based therapy is restricted
PMID 24269648

Ventricular Strain in Fetuses with Aortic Stenosis and Evolving Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome before and after Prenatal Aortic Valvuloplasty.

Ishii T, McElhinney DB, Harrild DM, Marcus EN, Sahn DJ, Truong U, Tworetzky W.SourceDepartment of Cardiology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA.
Fetal diagnosis and therapy.Fetal Diagn Ther.2013 Nov 19. [Epub ahead of print]
Objective: The impact of prenatal intervention on fetal cardiac function has not been well defined. We assessed standard ventricular function parameters and strain in fetuses with evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) treated with fetal aortic valvuloplasty (fAVP). Methods: Fetuses with va
PMID 24280672

Japanese Journal

Temporal Changes in Echocardiographic Findings in Cardiac and Non-Cardiac Sarcoidosis Patients

Teramoto Kunihiro,Shimamoto Shinsaku,Terasaki Fumio,Kanzaki Yumiko,Tamaya Manabu,Goto Isao,Ishizaka Nobukazu
Internal Medicine 51(21), 3001-3007, 2012
… Little information is available regarding temporal changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVDd) in non-cardiac sarcoidosis patients. …
NAID 130002061966

Pre- and Post-Operative Risk Factors Associated With Cerebrovascular Accidents in Patients Supported by Left Ventricular Assist Device : Single Center's Experience in Japan

NAKAJIMA Ikutaro,KATO Tomoko S.,KOMAMURA Kazuo,TAKAHASHI Ayako,ODA Noboru,SASAOKA Taro,ASAKURA Masanori,HASHIMURA Kazuhiko,KITAKAZE Masafumi
Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 75(5), 1138-1146, 2011-04-25
… <b><i>Background:</i></b> Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is a major adverse event following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) surgery. …
NAID 10028147522

Left Atrial Appendage Flow Cycle Length Is an Important Predictor of Sinus Rhythm Maintenance after Catheter Ablation of Persistent or Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Nakanishi Hiroyuki,Kashiwase Kazunori,Hirata Akio,Okada Masato,Ueda Yasunori
Journal of Arrhythmia 27(Supplement), 23, 2011
… We hypothesized left atrial appendage flow cycle length (LAAFCL) measured by trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) was related to the extent of atrial electrical remodeling. …
NAID 130002129878

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