WordNet

want to have; "Id like a beer now!"
a kind of person; "Well not see his like again"; "I cant tolerate people of his ilk" (同)ilk
a similar kind; "dogs, foxes, and the like", "we dont want the likes of you around here" (同)the like, the likes of
equal in amount or value; "like amounts"; "equivalent amounts"; "the same amount"; "gave one six blows and the other a like number"; "the same number" (同)same
resembling or similar; having the same or some of the same characteristics; often used in combination; "suits of like design"; "a limited circle of like minds"; "members of the cat family have like dispositions"; "as like as two peas in a pod"; "doglike devotion"; "a dreamlike quality" (同)similar
be fond of; "I like my nephews"
feel about or towards; consider, evaluate, or regard; "How did you like the Presidents speech last night?"
find enjoyable or agreeable; "I like jogging"; "She likes to read Russian novels"
cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques; "The Bordeaux region produces great red wines"; "They produce good ham in Parma"; "We grow wheat here"; "We raise hogs here" (同)raise, farm, produce
come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes); "He grew a beard"; "The patient developed abdominal pains"; "I got funny spots all over my body"; "Well-developed breasts" (同)develop, produce, get, acquire
become attached by or as if by the process of growth; "The tree trunks had grown together"
become larger, greater, or bigger; expand or gain; "The problem grew too large for me"; "Her business grew fast"
cause to grow or develop; "He grows vegetables in his backyard"
increase in size by natural process; "Corn doesnt grow here"; "In these forests, mushrooms grow under the trees"; "her hair doesnt grow much anymore"
(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" (同)growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis
(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
a progression from simpler to more complex forms; "the growth of culture"
something grown or growing; "a growth of hair"
vegetation that has grown; "a growth of trees"; "the only growth was some salt grass"
be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
an independent variable in statistics
anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『好む』,‘が'好きである / 《しばしば否定文で,またwould,《英》shouldと共に用いて》…‘を'望む,…したい / 『好む』;望む / 《複数形で》好み,好きな事
(外観・性質などが)…『に似た』,のような / (やり方,程度などが)…『と同じように』 / …『らしい』,にふさわいし / 《おもに話》たとえば…のような / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(性質・外観などが)同じの,(数量が)等しい / 《補語にのみ用いて》似ている,そっくりで / たぶん,おそらく(probably) / (…に)似た人(物),(…と)同等の人(物),匹敵する人(物)《+『of』+『名』》 / …のように / あたかも…のように
『成長する』,育つ,〈植物が〉生える,茂る / (類・量・程などにおいて)『増大する』,大きくなる / 『しだいになる』 / …‘を'成長させる,大きくする,育てる / …から生じる(起こる)
〈U〉(…の)『成長』,発育;『発達』,発展《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(数・量,重要性・力などの)『増加』,増大,拡張《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《修飾語[句]を伴って》栽培,生産,…産 / 〈C〉成育した物,(草,木,髪,ひげなどの)生えたもの / 〈C〉腫瘍(しゅよう)
(…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/18 11:26:51」(JST)

wiki en

ILGF

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic environment. This complex system (often referred to as the IGF "axis") consists of two cell-surface receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R), two ligands (Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2)), a family of six high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6), as well as associated IGFBP degrading enzymes, referred to collectively as proteases.

IGF1/GH Axis

The IGF "axis" is also commonly referred to as the Growth Hormone/IGF-I Axis. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is mainly secreted by the liver as a result of stimulation by growth hormone (GH). IGF-I is important for both the regulation of normal physiology, as well as a number of pathological states, including cancer. The IGF axis has been shown to play roles in the promotion of cell proliferation and the inhibition of cell death (apoptosis). Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is thought to be a primary growth factor required for early development while IGF-1 expression is required for achieving maximal growth. Gene knockout studies in mice have confirmed this, though other animals are likely to regulate the expression of these genes in distinct ways. While IGF-2 may be primarily fetal in action it is also essential for development and function of organs such as the brain, liver, and kidney.^{[citation needed]}

Factors that are thought to cause variation in the levels of GH and IGF-1 in the circulation include an individual's genetic make-up, the time of day, age, sex, exercise status, stress levels, nutrition level, body mass index (BMI), disease state, race, estrogen status, and xenobiotic intake.^{[citation needed]}

IGF-I has an involvement in regulating neural development including neurogenesis, myelination, synaptogenesis, and dendritic branching and neuroprotection after neuronal damage. Increased serum levels of IGF-I in children have been associated with higher IQ.^[1]

IGF-I shapes the development of the cochlea through controlling apoptosis. Its deficit can cause hearing loss. Serum level of it also underlies a correlation between short height and reduced hearing abilities particularly around 3–5 years of age, and at age 18 (late puberty).^[2]

IGF receptors

The IGFs are known to bind the IGF-1 receptor, the insulin receptor, the IGF-2 receptor, the insulin-related receptor and possibly other receptors. The IGF-1 receptor is the "physiological" receptor—IGF-I binds to it at significantly higher affinity than it binds the insulin receptor. Like the insulin receptor, the IGF-I receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase—meaning the receptor signals by causing the addition of a phosphate molecule on particular tyrosines. The IGF-2 receptor only binds IGF-2 and acts as a "clearance receptor"—it activates no intracellular signaling pathways, functioning only as an IGF-2 sequestering agent and preventing IGF-2 signaling.

Organs and tissues affected by IGF-I

Since many distinct tissue types express the IGF-1 receptor, IGF-1's effects are diverse. It acts as a neurotrophic factor, inducing the survival of neurons. It may catalyse skeletal muscle hypertrophy, by inducing protein synthesis, and by blocking muscle atrophy. It is protective for cartilage cells, and is associated with activation of osteocytes, and thus may be an anabolic factor for bone. Since at high concentrations it is capable of activating the insulin receptor, it can also complement for the effects of insulin.^{[citation needed]}

IGF-Binding Proteins

IGF-1 and IGF-2 are regulated by a family of proteins known as the IGF-Binding Proteins. These proteins help to modulate IGF action in complex ways that involve both inhibiting IGF action by preventing binding to the IGF-1 receptor as well as promoting IGF action possibly through aiding in delivery to the receptor and increasing IGF half-life. Currently, there are six characterized IGF Binding Proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6). There is currently significant data suggesting that IGFBPs play important roles in addition to their ability to regulate IGFs.

Diseases affected by IGF

Studies of recent interest show that the Insulin/IGF axis play an important role in aging.^{[citation needed]} Nematodes, fruit-flies, and other organisms have an increased life span when the gene equivalent to the mammalian insulin is knocked out. It is somewhat difficult to relate this finding to the mammals, however, because in the smaller organism there are many genes (at least 37 in the nematode C. elegans^[3]) that are "insulin-like" or "IGF-1-like", whereas in the mammals insulin-like proteins comprise only seven members (insulin, IGFs, relaxins, EPIL, and relaxin-like factor)^{[citation needed]}. The human insulin-like genes have apparently distinct roles with some but less crosstalk presumably because there are multiple insulin-receptor-like proteins in humans. Simpler organisms typically have fewer receptors; for example, only one insulin-like receptor exists in the nematode C. elegans.^[4] Additionally, C. elegans do not have specialized organs such as the (Islets of Langerhans), which sense insulin in response to glucose homeostasis. Moreover, IGF1 affects lifespan in nematodes by causing dauer formation, a developmental stage of C. elegans larva. There is no mammalian correlate. Therefore it is an open question as to whether either IGF-1 or insulin in the mammal may perturb aging, although there is the suggestion that dietary restriction phenomena may be related.

Other studies are beginning to uncover the important role the IGFs play in diseases such as cancer and diabetes, showing for instance that IGF-1 stimulates growth of both prostate and breast cancer cells. Researchers are not in complete agreement about the degree of cancer risk that IGF-1 poses.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

References

^ Gunnell, David; Miller, LL; Rogers, I; Holly, JM; Alspac Study, Team (11/01/2005). "Association of Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-3 with Intelligence Quotient Among 8- to 9-Year-Old Children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children". Pediatrics 116 (5): e681. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2390. PMID 16263982. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Welch, D; Dawes, PJ. (2007). "Childhood hearing is associated with growth rates in infancy and adolescence". Pediatr Res 62 (4): 495–8. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181425869. PMID 17667854.
^ Pierce SB, Costa M, Wisotzkey R, Devadhar S, Homburger SA, Buchman AR, Ferguson KC, Heller J, Platt DM, Pasquinelli AA, Liu LX, Doberstein SK, Ruvkun G (2001). "Regulation of DAF-2 receptor signaling by human insulin and ins-1, a member of the unusually large and diverse C. elegans insulin gene family". Genes & Development 15 (6): 672–86. doi:10.1101/gad.867301. PMC 312654. PMID 11274053.
^ Kimura K.D., Tissenbaum H.A., Liu Y., Ruvkun G. (1997). "daf-2, an insulin receptor-like gene that regulates longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans". Science 277: 942–946.
^ Cohen P, Peehl DM, Lamson G, Rosenfeld RG (1991). "Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF receptors, and IGF-binding proteins in primary cultures of prostate epithelial cells". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 73 (2): 401–7. doi:10.1210/jcem-73-2-401. PMID 1713219.
^ Lippman ME (1993). "The development of biological therapies for breast cancer". Science 259 (5095): 631–2. doi:10.1126/science.8430312. PMID 8430312.
^ Papa V, Gliozzo B, Clark GM, McGuire WL, Moore D, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y, Vigneri R, Goldfine ID, Pezzino V (1993). "Insulin-like growth factor-I receptors are overexpressed and predict a low risk in human breast cancer". Cancer Research 53 (16): 3736–40. PMID 8339284.
^ Scarth JP (2006). "Modulation of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis by pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and environmental xenobiotics: an emerging role for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and the transcription factors regulating their expression. A review". Xenobiotica 36 (2–3): 119–218. doi:10.1080/00498250600621627. PMID 16702112.
^ Woods AG, Guthrie KM, Kurlawalla MA, Gall CM (1998). "Deafferentation-induced increases in hippocampal insulin-like growth factor-1 messenger RNA expression are severely attenuated in middle aged and aged rats". Neuroscience 83 (3): 663–8. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00539-3. PMID 9483550.

External links

Growth Factors Dr. Richard Garde

UpToDate Contents

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1. インスリン様成長因子 Iの生理学 physiology of insulin like growth factor i
2. 成長ホルモン不感受性症候群 growth hormone insensitivity syndromes
3. 先端巨大症の診断 diagnosis of acromegaly
4. 小児における成長ホルモン欠乏症の治療 treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children
5. 小児における成長ホルモン欠乏症の診断 diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in children

English Journal

Role of Heterotrimeric G Protein and Calcium in Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy Induced by IGF-1.

Carrasco L, Cea P, Rocco P, Peña-Oyarzún D, Rivera-Mejias P, Sotomayor-Flores C, Quiroga C, Criollo A, Ibarra C, Chiong M, Lavandero S.Author information Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Facultad de Ciencias y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.AbstractIn the heart, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a peptide with pro-hypertrophic and anti-apoptotic actions. The pro-hypertrophic properties of IGF-1 have been attributed to the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Recently, we reported that IGF-1 also increases intracellular Ca(2+) levels through a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G protein. Here we investigate whether this Ca(2+) signal is involved in IGF-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Our results show that the IGF-1-induced increase in Ca(2+) level is abolished by the IGF-1 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG538, PTX and the peptide inhibitor of Gβγ signaling, βARKct. Increases in the activities of Ca(2+) -dependent enzymes calcineurin, calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII), and protein kinase Cα (PKCα) were observed at 5 min after IGF-1 exposure. AG538, PTX, βARKct, and the dominant negative PKCα prevented the IGF-1-dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Participation of calcineurin and CaMKII in ERK phosphorylation was discounted. IGF-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, determined by cell size and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), was prevented by AG538, PTX, βARKct, dominant negative PKCα, and the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. Inhibition of calcineurin with CAIN did not abolish IGF-1-induced cardiac hypertrophy. We conclude that IGF-1 induces hypertrophy in cultured cardiomyocytes by activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase activity/βγ-subunits of a PTX-sensitive G protein/Ca(2+) /PKCα/ERK pathway without the participation of calcineurin. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 712-720, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of cellular biochemistry.J Cell Biochem.2014 Apr;115(4):712-20. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24712.
In the heart, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a peptide with pro-hypertrophic and anti-apoptotic actions. The pro-hypertrophic properties of IGF-1 have been attributed to the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Recently, we reported that IGF-1 also increases intracellular Ca(2+) le
PMID 24243530

Analysis of serum insulin growth factor-1 concentrations in localized osteosarcoma: A children's oncology group study.

Borinstein SC, Barkauskas DA, Bernstein M, Goorin A, Gorlick R, Krailo M, Schwartz CL, Wexler LH, Toretsky JA.Author information Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, Tennessee.AbstractTo investigate the role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), in localized osteosarcoma, serum levels of IGF-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 were measured in 224 similarly treated, newly diagnosed patients. We demonstrated that younger patients had lower concentrations of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 compared to older (P < 0.001) along with lower IGFBP-3:IGF-1 and IGFBP-2:IGF-1 ratios (P < 0.001). IGFBP-2 did not correlate with age (P = 0.16), yet IGFBP-2:IGF-1 ratios were higher in the younger population (P < 0.001). These findings show that older patients have higher concentrations of free IGF-1. None of IGF-1, IGFBP-2, nor IGFBP-3 concentrations were associated with event-free nor overall survival. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:749-752. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pediatric blood & cancer.Pediatr Blood Cancer.2014 Apr;61(4):749-52. doi: 10.1002/pbc.24778. Epub 2013 Oct 31.
To investigate the role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), in localized osteosarcoma, serum levels of IGF-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 were measured in 224 similarly treated, newly diagnosed patients. We demonstrated that younger patients had lower concentrations of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 compared to ol
PMID 24178953

Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3, genetic polymorphisms and mammographic density in premenopausal Mexican women: Results from the ESMaestras cohort.

Rinaldi S, Biessy C, Hernandez M, Lesueur F, Dos-Santos-Silva I, Rice MS, Lajous M, Lopez-Ridaura R, Torres-Mejía G, Romieu I.Author information International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.AbstractThe insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays an essential role in the development of the mammary gland. High circulating levels of IGF-I and of its major binding protein IGFBP3 have been related with increased mammographic density in Caucasian premenopausal women. Some common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes of the IGF pathway have also been suggested to play a role in mammographic density. We conducted a cross-sectional study nested within the large Mexican ESMaestras cohort to investigate the relation between circulating levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio, five common SNPs in the IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and IGF-1R genes and mammographic density in 593 premenopausal Mexican women. Mean age at mammogram was 43.1 (standard deviation, SD = 3.7) years, and average body mass index (BMI) at recruitment was 28.5 kg/m(2) . Mean percent mammographic density was 36.5% (SD: 17.1), with mean dense tissue area of 48.3 (SD: 33.3) cm(2) . Mean IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations were 15.33 (SD: 5.52) nmol/l and 114.96 (SD: 21.34) nmol/l, respectively. No significant associations were seen between percent density and biomarker concentrations, but women with higher IGF-I and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 concentrations had lower absolute dense (ptrend = 0.03 and 0.09, respectively) and nondense tissue areas (ptrend < 0.001 for both parameters). However, these associations were null after adjustment by BMI. SNPs in specific genes were associated with circulating levels of growth factors, but not with mammographic density features. These results do not support the hypothesis of a strong association between circulating levels of growth hormones and mammographic density in Mexican premenopausal women.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Mar 15;134(6):1436-44. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28469. Epub 2013 Oct 5.
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays an essential role in the development of the mammary gland. High circulating levels of IGF-I and of its major binding protein IGFBP3 have been related with increased mammographic density in Caucasian premenopausal women. Some common single nucleotide po
PMID 24037648

Japanese Journal

Responses of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and two IGF-binding protein-1 subtypes to fasting and re-feeding, and their relationships with individual growth rates in yearling masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou)

Kawaguchi Kohei,Kaneko Nobuto,Fukuda Miki,Nakano Yusuke,Kimura Shizuo,Hara Akihiko,Shimizu Munetaka
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 165(2), 191-198, 2013-06-00
… Two subtypes of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-1 are present in salmon blood and they are both up-regulated under catabolic conditions such as stress. … Circulating IGF-I levels significantly decreased after fasting for 5 weeks and were positively correlated with individual growth rates. … Muscle RNA/DNA ratio did not respond to fasting nor showed correlations with growth rates. …
NAID 120005228716

Cartilage-Specific Over-Expression of CCN Family Member 2/Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CCN2/CTGF) Stimulates Insulin-Like Growth Factor Expression and Bone Growth

Tomita Nao,Hattori Takako,Itoh Shinsuke,Aoyama Eriko,Yao Mayumi,Yamashiro Takashi,Takigawa Masaharu
PLoS ONE 8(3), 2013-03-28
… Previously we showed that CCN family member 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of growth cartilage cells in vitro. … Our results also indicate the possible involvement of locally enhanced IGF-I or IGF-II in this extended bone growth. …
NAID 120005345532

Insulin-like growth factor 1 inhibits hair cell apoptosis and promotes the cell cycle of supporting cells by activating different downstream cascades after pharmacological hair cell injury in neonatal mice.

Hayashi Yushi,Yamamoto Norio,Nakagawa Takayuki,Ito Juichi
Molecular and cellular neurosciences 56, 29-38, 2013-03-17
… These results indicate that IGF-1 is a growth factor that efficiently regulates different mechanisms through different downstream cascades, thereby protecting cochlear hair cells. …
NAID 120005244788

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「インスリン様成長因子」「IGF」
拡張検索	「insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2」「insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6」「growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I axis」
関連記事	「like」「grow」「fact」「factor」「growth」