WordNet

want to have; "Id like a beer now!"
a kind of person; "Well not see his like again"; "I cant tolerate people of his ilk" (同)ilk
a similar kind; "dogs, foxes, and the like", "we dont want the likes of you around here" (同)the like, the likes of
equal in amount or value; "like amounts"; "equivalent amounts"; "the same amount"; "gave one six blows and the other a like number"; "the same number" (同)same
resembling or similar; having the same or some of the same characteristics; often used in combination; "suits of like design"; "a limited circle of like minds"; "members of the cat family have like dispositions"; "as like as two peas in a pod"; "doglike devotion"; "a dreamlike quality" (同)similar
be fond of; "I like my nephews"
feel about or towards; consider, evaluate, or regard; "How did you like the Presidents speech last night?"
find enjoyable or agreeable; "I like jogging"; "She likes to read Russian novels"
cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques; "The Bordeaux region produces great red wines"; "They produce good ham in Parma"; "We grow wheat here"; "We raise hogs here" (同)raise, farm, produce
come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes); "He grew a beard"; "The patient developed abdominal pains"; "I got funny spots all over my body"; "Well-developed breasts" (同)develop, produce, get, acquire
become attached by or as if by the process of growth; "The tree trunks had grown together"
become larger, greater, or bigger; expand or gain; "The problem grew too large for me"; "Her business grew fast"
cause to grow or develop; "He grows vegetables in his backyard"
increase in size by natural process; "Corn doesnt grow here"; "In these forests, mushrooms grow under the trees"; "her hair doesnt grow much anymore"
(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" (同)growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis
(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
a progression from simpler to more complex forms; "the growth of culture"
something grown or growing; "a growth of hair"
vegetation that has grown; "a growth of trees"; "the only growth was some salt grass"
be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
an independent variable in statistics
anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『好む』,‘が'好きである / 《しばしば否定文で,またwould,《英》shouldと共に用いて》…‘を'望む,…したい / 『好む』;望む / 《複数形で》好み,好きな事
(外観・性質などが)…『に似た』,のような / (やり方,程度などが)…『と同じように』 / …『らしい』,にふさわいし / 《おもに話》たとえば…のような / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(性質・外観などが)同じの,(数量が)等しい / 《補語にのみ用いて》似ている,そっくりで / たぶん,おそらく(probably) / (…に)似た人(物),(…と)同等の人(物),匹敵する人(物)《+『of』+『名』》 / …のように / あたかも…のように
『成長する』,育つ,〈植物が〉生える,茂る / (類・量・程などにおいて)『増大する』,大きくなる / 『しだいになる』 / …‘を'成長させる,大きくする,育てる / …から生じる(起こる)
〈U〉(…の)『成長』,発育;『発達』,発展《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(数・量,重要性・力などの)『増加』,増大,拡張《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《修飾語[句]を伴って》栽培,生産,…産 / 〈C〉成育した物,(草,木,髪,ひげなどの)生えたもの / 〈C〉腫瘍(しゅよう)
(…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における成長ホルモン欠乏症の治療 treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children
2. 成長ホルモン不感受性症候群 growth hormone insensitivity syndromes
3. 小児における成長ホルモン欠乏症の診断 diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in children
4. 慢性腎疾患を有する小児における成長障害の病因、評価および診断 pathogenesis evaluation and diagnosis of growth impairment in children with chronic kidney disease
5. 特発性低身長に対する成長ホルモン治療 growth hormone treatment for idiopathic short stature

English Journal

Characterization of GHRs, IGFs and MSTNs, and analysis of their expression relationships in blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala.

Zeng C1, Liu XL2, Wang WM3, Tong JG4, Luo W3, Zhang J3, Gao ZX5.Author information 1College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; School of Biological Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.2College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin 300221, China.3College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.4State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.5College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China. Electronic address: gaozexia@hotmail.com.AbstractIn order to test the hypothesis that the expression levels of GH/IGF axis genes would be negatively related to the expression of the myostatin genes in fish species, we cloned six growth regulating genes including growth hormone receptors-1/-2 (GHRs), insulin-like growth factors-I/-II (IGFs) and myostatins-a/-b (MSTNs) from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). The contents of mRNA transcripts for the six genes were determined in the different tissues of adult and developmental stages for the embryonic and larval periods. The results of quantitative real-time PCR showed that GHRs, IGFs and MSTNs were widely expressed in the tissues we tested, with the relatively lower expression levels in mesonephros, gonad and spleen for the six genes. The analysis of expression correlation coefficients among these six genes showed that GHR 1, GHR 2 and MSTN b were correlated with each other in adult tissues (P<0.01). For the developmental stages, GHR 1 had a similar expression pattern to GHR 2 during the examined periods, both with the highest expression levels at 160hpf (hours post-fertilization) (P<0.05). IGF-II had higher expression levels than that of IGF-I before 400hpf (P<0.05), while IGF-I was active after 52hpf. The maximum of MSTN a and MSTN b mRNA levels were at 24hpf and 400hpf, respectively. The analysis of expression correlation coefficients showed that GHR 1, GHR 2, IGF-I, IGF-II and MSTN b were positively correlated with each other during embryonic development (P<0.01). The results from this study suggested that the relationship between GH/IGF axis genes and MSTNs was complex and not absolutely negative correlated in fish species.
Gene.Gene.2014 Feb 10;535(2):239-49. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.027. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
In order to test the hypothesis that the expression levels of GH/IGF axis genes would be negatively related to the expression of the myostatin genes in fish species, we cloned six growth regulating genes including growth hormone receptors-1/-2 (GHRs), insulin-like growth factors-I/-II (IGFs) and myo
PMID 24291027

SOCS2 mediates the cross talk between androgen and growth hormone signaling in prostate cancer.

Iglesias-Gato D, Chuan YC, Wikström P, Augsten S, Jiang N, Niu Y, Seipel A, Danneman D, Vermeij M, Fernandez-Perez L, Jenster G, Egevad L, Norstedt G, Flores-Morales A.Author information Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Disease Biology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.AbstractAnabolic signals such as androgens and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH/IGF-1) axis play an essential role in the normal development of the prostate but also in its malignant transformation. In this study, we investigated the role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) as mediator of the cross talk between androgens and GH signals in the prostate and its potential role as tumor suppressor in prostate cancer (PCa). We observed that SOCS2 protein levels assayed by immunohistochemistry are elevated in hormone therapy-naive localized prostatic adenocarcinoma in comparison with benign tissue. In contrast, however, castration-resistant bone metastases exhibit reduced levels of SOCS2 in comparison with localized or hormone naive, untreated metastatic tumors. In PCa cells, SOCS2 expression is induced by androgens through a mechanism that requires signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 protein (STAT5) and androgen receptor-dependent transcription. Consequentially, SOCS2 inhibits GH activation of Janus kinase 2, Src and STAT5 as well as both cell invasion and cell proliferation in vitro. In vivo, SOCS2 limits proliferation and production of IGF-1 in the prostate in response to GH. Our results suggest that the use of GH-signaling inhibitors could be of value as a complementary treatment for castration-resistant PCa. Summary: Androgen induced SOCS2 ubiquitin ligase expression and inhibited GH signaling as well as cell proliferation and invasion in PCa, whereas reduced SOCS2 was present in castration-resistant cases. GH-signaling inhibitors might be a complementary therapeutic option for advanced PCa.
Carcinogenesis.Carcinogenesis.2014 Jan;35(1):24-33. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgt304. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
Anabolic signals such as androgens and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH/IGF-1) axis play an essential role in the normal development of the prostate but also in its malignant transformation. In this study, we investigated the role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) as m
PMID 24031028

Sleep and insulin-like growth factors in the cardiovascular health study.

Shah N, Rice T, Tracy D, Rohan T, Bůžková P, Newman A, Kaplan RC.Author information Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY ; Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.AbstractSTUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep and sleep disordered breathing (obstructive sleep apnea [OSA]) are known to affect the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. There are few relevant population studies in this area, particularly in the elderly. We conducted this study to investigate the relationship between sleep (architecture and OSA) and circulating IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-1), IGFBP-1 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1), and IGFBP-3 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3) levels in an elderly population.
Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.J Clin Sleep Med.2013 Dec 15;9(12):1245-51. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.3260.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep and sleep disordered breathing (obstructive sleep apnea [OSA]) are known to affect the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. There are few relevant population studies in this area, particularly in the elderly. We conducted this study to investigate the rela
PMID 24340285

Japanese Journal

The Relationship between the Growth Hormone/Insulin-like Growth Factor System and the Histological Features of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Internal Medicine 56(5), 473-480, 2017
NAID 130005399415

Does aerobic exercise affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal hormonal response in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome?

Journal of Physical Therapy Science 27(7), 2225-2231, 2015
NAID 130005089084

Calorie restriction minimizes activation of insulin signaling in response to glucose: Potential involvement of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis