WordNet

set or ask for a certain price; "How much do you charge for lunch?"; "This fellow charges $100 for a massage"
the quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons; "the battery needed a fresh charge" (同)electric_charge
financial liabilities (such as a tax); "the charges against the estate"
the price charged for some article or service; "the admission charge"
heraldry consisting of a design or image depicted on a shield (同)bearing, heraldic bearing, armorial bearing
a quantity of explosive to be set off at one time; "this cartridge has a powder charge of 50 grains" (同)burster, bursting charge, explosive charge
an impetuous rush toward someone or something; "the wrestlers charge carried him past his adversary"; "the battle began with a cavalry charge"
request for payment of a debt; "they submitted their charges at the end of each month" (同)billing
(criminal law) a pleading describing some wrong or offense; "he was arrested on a charge of larceny" (同)complaint
a person committed to your care; "the teacher led her charges across the street"
blame for, make a claim of wrongdoing or misbehavior against; "he charged the director with indifference" (同)accuse
to make a rush at or sudden attack upon, as in battle; "he saw Jess charging at him with a pitchfork" (同)bear_down
demand payment; "Will I get charged for this service?"; "We were billed for 4 nights in the hotel, although we stayed only 3 nights" (同)bill
direct into a position for use; "point a gun"; "He charged his weapon at me" (同)level, point
file a formal charge against; "The suspect was charged with murdering his wife" (同)lodge, file
impose a task upon, assign a responsibility to; "He charged her with cleaning up all the files over the weekend" (同)saddle, burden
cause formation of a net electrical charge in or on; "charge a conductor"
energize a battery by passing a current through it in the direction opposite to discharge; "I need to charge my car battery"
enter a certain amount as a charge; "he charged me $15"
fill or load to capacity; "charge the wagon with hay"
instruct (a jury) about the law, its application, and the weighing of evidence
instruct or command with authority; "The teacher charged the children to memorize the poem"
lie down on command, of hunting dogs
make an accusatory claim; "The defense attorney charged that the jurors were biased"
pay with a credit card; pay with plastic money; postpone payment by recording a purchase as a debt; "Will you pay cash or charge the purchase?"
place a heraldic bearing on; "charge all weapons, shields, and banners"
saturate; "The room was charged with tension and anxiety"
unconstrained or not chemically bound in a molecule or not fixed and capable of relatively unrestricted motion; "free expansion"; "free oxygen"; "a free electron"
people who are free; "the home of the free and the brave" (同)free people
free from obligations or duties (同)discharge
free or remove obstruction from; "free a path across the cluttered floor" (同)disengage
grant freedom to; free from confinement (同)liberate, release, unloose, unloosen, loose
not literal; "a loose interpretation of what she had been told"; "a free translation of the poem" (同)loose, liberal
make (information) available for publication; "release the list with the names of the prisoners" (同)release
able to act at will; not hampered; not under compulsion or restraint; "free enterprise"; "a free port"; "a free country"; "I have an hour free"; "free will"; "free of racism"; "feel free to stay as long as you wish"; "a free choice"
not held in servitude; "after the Civil War he was a free man"
not occupied or in use; "a free locker"; "a free lane"
burn to charcoal; "Without a drenching rain, the forest fire will char everything" (同)coal
burn slightly and superficially so as to affect color; "The cook blackened the chicken breast"; "The fire charred the ceiling above the mantelpiece"; "the flames scorched the ceiling" (同)blacken, sear, scorch
a charred substance
any of several small trout-like fish of the genus Salvelinus (同)charr
of a particle or body or system; having a net amount of positive or negative electric charge; "charged particles"; "a charged battery"
fraught with great emotion; "an atmosphere charged with excitement"; "an emotionally charged speech" (同)supercharged
capable of producing violent emotion or arousing controversy; "the highly charged issue of abortion"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(…の)『費用』;料金,請求代金《+『for』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈U〉(…の)『監督』,管理,保護,世話《+『of』+『名』》;〈C〉監督(保護)される人(物) / 〈C〉(…に対する)『非難』,告発,告訴《+『against』+『名』》 / 〈C〉突撃;突撃の合図 / 〈U〉〈C〉(弾薬などの)装てん,装薬;充電《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)命令,訓令《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉責任,義務 / 〈料金・支払い〉'を'〈人〉‘に'『請求する』,〈税など〉'を'課する / 〈買物など〉'を'『つけにする』,掛け売りにする / (…を)〈物・容器〉‘に'詰める,入れる(fill)《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / …'を'『非難する』,責める(blame),告訴する(accuse) / (義務・仕事・責任などを)〈人〉‘に'ゆだねる,委託する《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 《『charge』+『名』+『to』 do》(…するように)〈人〉‘に'命ずる,訓示する / …‘に'突進する / (…の)値をいう,支払いを請求する《+『for』+『名』》 / (…に)突撃する,突進する《+『at』(『on』)+『名』》
(束縛された状態になく)『自由な』,自由の身の / (国家・国民などが)『独立している』 / (思想・行為などが)強制されない,自発的な / (動作が)拘束されない,無理のない / 《補語にのみ用いて》(苦痛・制約などを)『免れている』,(誤り・偏見などの)ない《+『from』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》《『be free to』do》『自由に』…『できる』 / (仕事から)解放された,暇になった;(部屋などが)使用されていない,空いた / 『無料の』;無税の / 出し惜しみしない / 遠慮のない,慎みがない / (道路などが)障害のない,自由に通れる / 固定していない,離れた / 無料で / 自由に,妨げられずに(freely) / (…から)〈人・国など〉‘を'『自由にする』,解放する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (困難などから)〈人〉‘を'救う《+『名』+『form』+『名』》 / (障害などを)〈人・物〉‘から'取り除く《+『名』+『of』(『from』)+『名』》 / (物を)…‘から'片付ける,外す《+『名』+『of』+『名』》
…'を'焦がす / (焼いて)…'を'炭にする / こげる
(時間ぎめや日雇いで)〈婦人が〉雑役をする
=chatwoman
=tea
《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
強く気持ちを動かされた / 人の気持ちを強く動かす,論争を巻き起こす

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/14 11:28:08」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Gratis (disambiguation).

"On the house" redirects here. For the mixtape, see On the House.

A Freebox in Berlin, Germany 2005, serving as a distribution center for free donated materials

Gratis /ˈɡrɑːtɨs/ or /ˈɡreɪtɨs/ is the quality of an action where the action is willingly provided without any requirement by the provider for compensation or monetary remuneration. It is often referred to in English as free of charge (FOC), complimentary, or on the house. Companies, producers, and service providers often provide certain things free of charge as part of a larger business model, pricing strategy, or as a donation.

Etymology[edit]

The English term gratis has its origins in late Middle English; from Latin. A contraction of gratiis, meaning 'as a kindness', which in turn stems from the root gratia meaning 'grace' or 'kindness'.^[1] It is widely used in the Afrikaans, Czech, Hungarian, Serbian, Polish, French, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Indonesian, Scandinavian and German languages, with the same meaning.

Marketing[edit]

Main articles: Sales promotion and Sample (material)

In a standard business model where goods and services are exchanged for a monetary compensation, pricing of the goods is a fundamental element of the marketing process. While it would defeat the business model if companies provide all of their goods and services free of charge, it is common for them to provide limited amount of free goods in their promotional mix. Many companies often provide free samples to the press in order to generate media coverage for their products. Depending on the product, companies may provide free samples to prospective buyers.

In addition, many companies would often provide complementary goods and services free of charge (i.e., on a complimentary basis). For example, coffeehouses often provide Internet access free of charge to attract more customers. Hotels often provide free shuttle services. Restaurants often provide valet parking service free of charge.

Companies may also distribute branded stationery, refrigerator magnets, or similar items free to promote their brand instead of any specific line of products.

Mass media[edit]

Main articles: Free daily newspaper and Broadcasting

In certain industries, such as the mass media where major part of the revenue comes from advertisers, it is often in the company's interest to reach as many people as possible. In this model, companies would often distribute most of their products and services free of charge, so they can reach the largest possible audience. The advertising, and not the sale of the product itself, is the primary revenue source within these industries.

Government programs[edit]

Safety[edit]

Condoms are provided free of charge by many governments as a way to minimize sexually transmitted infections and to address other public health concerns.

Recycling[edit]

In Austin, Texas, a paint recycling program operated by the city, Austin ReBlend, provides paint to the local community free of charge.

Software[edit]

Main articles: Freeware, Gratis versus Libre, and Free software

In software development, where the cost of mass production is relatively small, it is common for developers to publish software under free of charge licenses.

One of the early and basic forms of this model is called freeware. Under a freeware license, software is licensed free of charge for regular use and the developer does not gain any monetary compensation.

With the development of the software industry, other license schemes arose similar to limited free products in standard marketing. These licenses offer users limited use, while attempting to recuperate development cost through the full product. Two common examples are shareware and trialware.

With the advent of the free software movement, license schemes were created to give developers more freedom in terms of code sharing. A distinction has to be drawn between "freedom" and "free of charge", where the latter sometimes also can be referred to as "free as in free beer". This distinction is often called Gratis versus Libre.

Free-to-play is a growing business model for video games which offers players the ability to play the game for free, but generates revenue through microtransactions, the purchase of virtual goods with real money.

References[edit]

^ http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0347760#m_en_gb0347760

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English Journal

Sensitive electrical detection of human prion proteins using field effect transistor biosensor with dual-ligand binding amplification.

Wustoni S1, Hideshima S2, Kuroiwa S2, Nakanishi T2, Hashimoto M2, Mori Y2, Osaka T3.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 May 15;67:256-62. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.028. Epub 2014 Aug 20.
Simple and accurate detection of prion proteins in biological samples is of utmost importance in recent years. In this study, we developed a label-free electrical detection-based field effect transistor (FET) biosensor using thiamine as a probe molecule for a non-invasive and specific test of human
PMID 25175745

Electrochemical current rectification-a novel signal amplification strategy for highly sensitive and selective aptamer-based biosensor.

Feng L1, Sivanesan A1, Lyu Z1, Offenhäusser A1, Mayer D2.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 Apr 15;66:62-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.057. Epub 2014 Oct 29.
Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors represent an emerging class of recently developed sensors. However, numerous of these sensors are limited by a low surface density of electrode-bound redox-oligonucleotides which are used as probe. Here we propose to use the concept of electrochemical cur
PMID 25460883

A colloidal pseudocapacitor: Direct use of Fe(NO3)3 in electrode can lead to a high performance alkaline supercapacitor system.

Chen X1, Chen K2, Wang H3, Xue D4.
Journal of colloid and interface science.J Colloid Interface Sci.2015 Apr 15;444:49-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.12.026. Epub 2014 Dec 26.
An electrochemical system including functioned Fe(NO3)3 and alkaline electrolyte is constructed to study the charge storage mechanism upon both thermodynamic calculations and electrochemical measurements. The thermodynamic calculation results demonstrate that increasing KOH concentration of alkaline
PMID 25585287

Japanese Journal

LMSの改訂とeラーニングによる国際教育事業の振興

吉田雅巳,ヨシダマサミ,Yoshida Masami
千葉大学教育学部研究紀要 60, 151-157, 2012-03
… Ministry of Education, Thailand, operates Thailand Cyber University(TCU)project in Commission on HigherEducation as the headquarters to promote ICT in education of universities. … As the major missions of TCU, TCUdevelops and disseminates a free of charge learning management system(TCU-LMS)that operates e-Learningand provides SaaS(Software as a Service)by using TCU-LMS at own portal site to assists universities. …
NAID 120003987516

電子定在波とフリーデル振動

長谷川幸雄,小野雅紀,鈴木孝将,江口豊明
日本物理學會誌 67(1), 6-13, 2012-01-05
金属中に不純物などの欠陥を導入すると,その周囲の自由電子は欠陥によるポテンシャルから影響を受け,その波動性に起因した変調構造を誘起する.自由電子の状態密度分布に現れるこの変調構造は,電子定在波あるいは準粒子干渉パターンと呼ばれる.一方,自由電子の感ずる静電ポテンシャル分布やその密度分布に現れる変調構造がフリーデル振動である.本解説では,走査トンネル顕微鏡/分光(STM/S)によるそれら変調構造の実 …
NAID 110008898000