WordNet

unconstrained or not chemically bound in a molecule or not fixed and capable of relatively unrestricted motion; "free expansion"; "free oxygen"; "a free electron"
people who are free; "the home of the free and the brave" (同)free people
free from obligations or duties (同)discharge
free or remove obstruction from; "free a path across the cluttered floor" (同)disengage
grant freedom to; free from confinement (同)liberate, release, unloose, unloosen, loose
not literal; "a loose interpretation of what she had been told"; "a free translation of the poem" (同)loose, liberal
make (information) available for publication; "release the list with the names of the prisoners" (同)release
able to act at will; not hampered; not under compulsion or restraint; "free enterprise"; "a free port"; "a free country"; "I have an hour free"; "free will"; "free of racism"; "feel free to stay as long as you wish"; "a free choice"
not held in servitude; "after the Civil War he was a free man"
not occupied or in use; "a free locker"; "a free lane"
in the right manner; "please do your job properly!"; "cant you carry me decent?" (同)decently, decent, in good order, right, the right way
the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints
in an appropriate manner; "he was appropriately dressed" (同)suitably, fittingly, befittingly, fitly
in a free manner; "the painting featured freely brushed strokes"
constitute an addition; "This paper will add to her reputation"
make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of; "We added two students to that dorm room"; "She added a personal note to her letter"; "Add insult to injury"; "Add some extra plates to the dinner table"
make an addition by combining numbers; "Add 27 and 49, please!" (同)add together
state or say further; "`It doesnt matter, he supplied" (同)append, supply
a public promotion of some product or service (同)advertisement, advertizement, advertising, advertizing, advert
in the Christian era; used before dates after the supposed year Christ was born; "in AD 200" (同)A.D., anno_Domini

PrepTutorEJDIC

(束縛された状態になく)『自由な』,自由の身の / (国家・国民などが)『独立している』 / (思想・行為などが)強制されない,自発的な / (動作が)拘束されない,無理のない / 《補語にのみ用いて》(苦痛・制約などを)『免れている』,(誤り・偏見などの)ない《+『from』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》《『be free to』do》『自由に』…『できる』 / (仕事から)解放された,暇になった;(部屋などが)使用されていない,空いた / 『無料の』;無税の / 出し惜しみしない / 遠慮のない,慎みがない / (道路などが)障害のない,自由に通れる / 固定していない,離れた / 無料で / 自由に,妨げられずに(freely) / (…から)〈人・国など〉‘を'『自由にする』,解放する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (困難などから)〈人〉‘を'救う《+『名』+『form』+『名』》 / (障害などを)〈人・物〉‘から'取り除く《+『名』+『of』(『from』)+『名』》 / (物を)…‘から'片付ける,外す《+『名』+『of』+『名』》
『適切に』,妥当に / 基準にかなって,正式に / 厳密に,正確に / 《英話》完全に,ひどく
〈U〉〈C〉『自由』 / 〈U〉〈C〉(束縛・義務・不安などからの)『解放』,免除《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈U〉自由自在,のびのびしていること〈C〉なれなれしさ,無遠慮 / 《the~》(市民権・会員権などの)権利享有権(権物などへの)出入りの自由,(…の)自由使用権《+『of』+『名』》
適当に,適切に,ふさわしく
『自由に』;かってに / 『惜しげなく』,十分に / 率直に;無遠虜に / 自分から進んで
1〈二つ以上のもの〉'を'『合計する』《+『名』+『up』(『together』),+『up』(『together』)+『名』》 / (…に)…'を'『加える』,足す,付け足す《+『名』+『to』(『and』)+『名』》 / 《『add』+『that』『節』》…‘と'つけ加える / 足し算をする,加える
《話》広告(advertisementの略)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/13 21:17:03」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Ad libitum is Latin for "at one's pleasure" (at liberty); it is often shortened to "ad lib" (as an adjective or adverb) or "ad-lib" (as a verb or noun). The roughly synonymous phrase a bene placito ("in accordance with [one's] good pleasure") is less common but, in its Italian form a piacere, entered the musical lingua franca (see below).

Music or rhythm

As a direction in sheet music, ad libitum indicates that the performer or conductor has one of a variety of types of discretion with respect to a given passage:

to play the passage in free time rather than in strict or "metronomic" tempo (a practice known as rubato when not expressly indicated by the composer);
to improvise a melodic line fitting the general structure prescribed by the passage's written notes or chords;
to omit an instrument part, such as a nonessential accompaniment, for the duration of the passage; or
in the phrase "repeat ad libitum," to play the passage an arbitrary number of times (cf. vamp).

Note that the direction a piacere (see above) has a more restricted meaning, generally referring to only the first two types of discretion. Baroque music, especially, has a written or implied ad libitum, with most composers intimating the freedom the performer and conductor have.

For post-Baroque classical music and jazz, see cadenza.

Biology

Ad libitum is also used in psychology and biology to refer to the "free-feeding" weight of an animal, as opposed, for example, to the weight after a restricted diet or pair feeding. For example, "The rat's ad libitum weight was about 320 grams." In nutritional studies, this phrase denotes providing an animal free access to feed or water thereby allowing the animal to self-regulate intake according to its biological needs. For example, "Rats were given ad libitum access to food and water."

In biological field studies it can also mean that information or data were obtained spontaneously without a specific method.

Medical prescriptions may use the abbreviation ad lib. to indicate "freely" or that as much as one desires should be used.

Drama

Ad-lib is used to describe individual moments during live theatre when an actor speaks through their character using words not found in the play's text. When the entire performance is predicated on spontaneous creation, the process is called improvisational theatre.

In film, the term ad-lib usually refers to the interpolation of unscripted material in an otherwise scripted performance. In interviews, Dustin Hoffman says he ad-libbed the now famous line, "I'm walking here! I'm walking here!" as "Ratso" Rizzo in Midnight Cowboy.

Live performers such as television talk-show hosts sometimes deliver material that sounds ad-libbed but is actually scripted, and may employ ad-lib writers to prepare such material.[1]. Some actors are also known for their ability or tendency to ad-lib, such as Peter Falk (of the series Columbo), who would ad-lib such mannerisms as absent-mindedness while in character.

The HBO sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm by Seinfeld co-creator Larry David primarily uses retroscripting and ad lib instead of scripted dialogue.

References

Ehrlich, Eugene (1985). Amo, Amas, Amat and More. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. p. 23.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Carcinogenicity and hormone studies with the tissue-selective estrogen receptor modulator bazadoxifene.

Wright DJ, Earnhardt JN, Perry R, Bailey S, Komm B, Minck DR, Cukierski MA.SourceDrug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut. david.wright@pfizer.com.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2013 Apr;228(4):724-33. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24219.
Bazedoxifene Acetate (BZA) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is approved for the prevention and/or treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. To assess for carcinogenic potential, BZA was administered ad libitum in the diet to rats for 2 years. BZA caused an increase in
PMID 22949219

Thermal stability of yeast hydrolysate as a novel anti-obesity material.

Park Y, Kim JH, Lee HS, Jung EY, Lee H, Noh DO, Suh HJ.SourceDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Jan 15;136(2):316-21. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.047. Epub 2012 Aug 30.
We examined the thermal stability of yeast hydrolysates before and after ultrafiltration (UF) in vitro, and the anti-obesity activity of yeast hydrolysates before and after heat treatment in vivo. Yeast hydrolysate after UF showed significantly higher thermal stability than before UF. Yeast hydrolys
PMID 23122064

Alternate-day fasting diet improves fructose-induced insulin resistance in mice.

Beigy M, Vakili S, Berijani S, Aminizade M, Ahmadi-Dastgerdi M, Meshkani R.SourceThe Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition.J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl).2013 Jan 2. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12022. [Epub ahead of print]
Increased fructose consumption is linked to insulin resistance, weight gain, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Although the advantages of several dietary restriction regimens have been demonstrated, the effects of alternate-day fasting (ADF) on fructose-induced insulin resistance have not yet been st
PMID 23279588

Japanese Journal

The Interaction of Voluntary Running Exercise and Food Restriction Induces Low Bone Strength and Low Bone Mineral Density in Young Female Rats

Aikawa Yuki,Agata Umon,Kakutani Yuya,Higano Michito,Hattori Satoshi,Ogata Hitomi,Ezawa Ikuko,Omi Naomi
Calcified tissue international 97(1), 90-99, 2015-07
… Seven-week-old female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the sedentary and ad libitum feeding group (SED), voluntary running exercise and ad libitum feeding group (EX), sedentary and 30 % food restriction group (SED-FR), and voluntary running exercise and 30 % food restriction group (EX-FR). …
NAID 120005627785

Overexpression of the adiponectin gene mimics the metabolic and stress resistance effects of calorie restriction, but not the anti-tumor effect

Kamohara Ryotaro,Yamaza Haruyoshi,Tsuchiya Tomoshi,Komatsu Toshimitsu,Park Seongjoon,Hayashi Hiroko,Chiba Takuya,Mori Ryoichi,Otabe Shuichi,Yamada Kentaro,Nagayasu Takeshi,Shimokawa Isao
Experimental Gerontology 64, 46-54, 2015-04
… We analyzed metabolic traits in Adipoq gene-overexpressing mice fed ad libitum with a regular diet (RD) or a high-fat diet (HFD), or fed 30% CR of RD initiated at 12. …
NAID 120005575048

Effect of Shrimp Meal Made of Heads of Black Tiger (Penaeus monodon) and White Leg (Litopenaeus vannamei) Shrimps on Growth Performance in Broilers

Rahman Mustanur,Koh Katsuki
The Journal of Poultry Science advpub(0), 2015
… Diet and water were provided ad libitum during the experimental period (8 to 21 days old). …
NAID 130005099988