同: 局所性脳損傷

WordNet

any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture etc. (同)hurt, harm, trauma
an act that causes someone or something to receive physical damage
wrongdoing that violates anothers rights and is unjustly inflicted
an accident that results in physical damage or hurt (同)accidental injury
kill by smashing someones skull
mental ability; "hes got plenty of brains but no common sense" (同)brainpower, learning_ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit
that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord (同)encephalon
the brain of certain animals used as meat
hit on the head
of or relating to a focus; "focal length"
having or localized centrally at a focus; "focal point"; "focal infection"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『負傷』,『損害』,損傷 / (名誉などを)傷つけること,侮辱《+『to』+『名』》
『脳』,脳髄 / 《しばしば複数形で》『頭脳』,『知力』 / 《話》秀才,知的指導者 / …‘の'頭を打ち砕く
焦点の
=brassiere,　brassiere

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/06 11:33:59」(JST)

wiki en

Focal and diffuse brain injury are ways to classify brain injury: focal injury occurs in a specific location, while diffuse injury occurs over a more widespread area. It is common for both focal and diffuse damage to occur as the result of the same event; many traumatic brain injuries have aspects of both focal and diffuse injury.^[1] Focal injuries are commonly associated with an injury in which the head strikes or is struck by an object; diffuse injuries are more often found in acceleration/deceleration injuries, in which the head does not necessarily contact anything, but brain tissue is damaged because tissue types with varying densities accelerate at different rates.^[2] In addition to physical trauma, other types of brain injury, such as stroke, can also produce focal and diffuse injuries.^[1] There may be primary and secondary brain injury processes.

Focal

A focal traumatic injury results from direct mechanical forces (such as occur when the head strikes a windshield in a vehicle accident) and is usually associated with brain tissue damage visible to the naked eye.^[3] A common cause of focal injury is penetrating head injury, in which the skull is perforated, as frequently occurs in auto accidents, blows, and gunshot wounds.^[3] Focal injuries typically have symptoms that are related to the damaged area of the brain.^[3] Stroke can produce focal damage that is associated with signs and symptoms that correspond to the part of the brain that was damaged.^[1] For example, if a speech center of the brain such as Broca's area is damaged, problems with speech are common.

Focal injuries include the following:

Cerebral contusion is a bruise of brain tissue that commonly results from contact of the brain with the inside of the skull.^[4]
Cerebral laceration is a brain injury in which the pia-arachnoid is torn.^[4]
Epidural hemorrhage is bleeding between the dura mater and the skull.^[4] It is commonly associated with damage to the middle meningeal artery, often resulting from a skull fracture.
Subdural hemorrhage is bleeding between the dura mater and the arachnoid.^[4]
Intracerebral hemorrhage is bleeding within the brain tissue itself.^[4]
Intraventricular hemorrhage is bleeding within the ventricles of the brain.^[4]

Diffuse

Diffuse injuries, also called multifocal injuries, include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis, and damage to blood vessels.^[2] Unlike focal injuries, which are usually easy to detect using imaging, diffuse injuries may be difficult to detect and define; often, much of the damage is microscopic.^[4] Diffuse injuries can result from acceleration/deceleration injuries.^[2] Rotational forces are a common cause of diffuse injuries;^[5] these forces are common in diffuse injuries such as concussion and diffuse axonal injury. The term "diffuse" has been called a misnomer, since injury is often actually multifocal, with multiple locations of injury.^[2]

Diffuse injuries include the following:

Diffuse axonal injury is widespread damage to the white matter of the brain that usually results from acceleration/deceleration types of injury.^[4]
Ischemic brain injury resulting from an insufficient blood supply to the brain, is one of the leading causes of secondary brain damage after head trauma.^[4]
Vascular injury usually causes death shortly after an injury.^[4] Although it is diffuse type of brain injury itself, diffuse vascular injury is generally more likely to be caused by focal than diffuse injury.^[4]
Swelling, commonly seen after TBI, can lead to dangerous increases in intracranial pressure.^[4] Though swelling itself is a diffuse type of injury, it can result from either focal or diffuse injury.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Lovell MK, Franzen MD (1994). "Neuropsychological assessment". In Silver JM, Yudofsky SC, Hales RE. Neuropsychiatry of Traumatic Brain Injury. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. pp. 152–3. ISBN 0-88048-538-8. Retrieved 2008-06-17. "Although brain injuries are often described as diffuse or focal in nature, in reality many traumatic brain injuries have both focal and diffuse components."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gennarelli GA, Graham DI (2005). "Neuropathology". In Silver JM, McAllister TW, Yudofsky SC. Textbook Of Traumatic Brain Injury. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 27–34. ISBN 1-58562-105-6. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c LaPlaca MC, Simon CM, Prado GR, Cullen DR. "CNS injury biomechanics and experimental models". In Weber JT. Neurotrauma: New Insights Into Pathology and Treatment. p. 16. ISBN 0-444-53017-7. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Granacher RP (2007). Traumatic Brain Injury: Methods for Clinical & Forensic Neuropsychiatric Assessment, Second Edition. Boca Raton: CRC. pp. 26–33. ISBN 0-8493-8138-X. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
^ Hammeke TA, Gennarelli TA (2003). "Traumatic brain injury". In Schiffer RB, Rao SM, Fogel BS. Neuropsychiatry. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1150. ISBN 0-7817-2655-7. Retrieved 2008-06-16.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 小児における重度の外傷性脳損傷に対する初期アプローチ initial approach to severe traumatic brain injury in children
2. 急性重度外傷性脳損傷のマネージメント management of acute severe traumatic brain injury
3. 局在関連（焦点性）てんかん：原因および臨床的特徴 localization related focal epilepsy causes and clinical features
4. 幼児および小児における軽微な頭部外傷：評価 minor head trauma in infants and children evaluation
5. 児童虐待：幼児および小児における虐待による頭部外傷の疫学、機序、種類 child abuse epidemiology mechanisms and types of abusive head trauma in infants and children

English Journal

Microwave-accelerated bioassay technique for rapid and quantitative detection of biological and environmental samples.

Mohammed M1, Syed MF1, Aslan K2.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2016 Jan 15;75:420-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.08.061. Epub 2015 Aug 31.
Quantitative detection of molecules of interest from biological and environmental samples in a rapid manner, particularly with a relevant concentration range, is imperative to the timely assessment of human diseases and environmental issues. In this work, we employed the microwave-accelerated bioass
PMID 26356762

Propofol Pretreatment Fails to Provide Neuroprotection Following a Surgically Induced Brain Injury Rat Model.

Pakkianathan C1, Benggon M1, Khatibi NH1, Chen H2, Marcantonio S1,2, Applegate R 2nd3, Tang J2, Zhang J1,2.
Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement.Acta Neurochir Suppl.2016;121:323-7. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_56.
Neurosurgical procedures are associated with unintentional damage to the brain during surgery, known as surgically induced brain injuries (SBI), which have been implicated in orchestrating structural and neurobehavioral deterioration. Propofol, an established hypnotic anesthetic agent, has been show
PMID 26463969

Decreasing the Cerebral Edema Associated with Traumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhages: Use of a Minimally Invasive Technique.

Chen JW1, Paff MR2, Abrams-Alexandru D2, Kaloostian SW2.
Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement.Acta Neurochir Suppl.2016;121:279-84. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_48.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem worldwide that affects all age groups. In the United States alone, there are approximately 50,000 deaths from severe traumatic brain injuries each year. In most studies, about 40 % of severe TBI have associated traumatic intracerebral hem
PMID 26463961

Japanese Journal

Reversible Focal Cerebral Cortical Lesions in a Patient with Heat Stroke

Fuse Atsuhito,Yamashiro Kazuo,Oji Yutaka,Furuya Tsuyoshi,Noda Kazuyuki,Hattori Nobutaka,Okuma Yasuyuki
Internal Medicine 52(3), 377-380, 2013
… A diagnosis of transient cortical injury caused by heat stroke was suggested. … Although the cerebellum is most susceptible to lesion formation, the mechanisms underlying heat stroke are multifactorial and may result in a variety of brain lesions. …
NAID 130003365864

The Permeability of Puerarin Loaded Poly(butylcyanoacrylate) Nanoparticles Coated with Polysorbate 80 on the Blood–Brain Barrier and Its Protective Effect against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Zhao Li-xia,Liu An-chang,Yu Shu-wen,Wang Zeng-xin,Lin Xiao-qian,Zhai Guang-xi,Zhang Qing-zhu
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36(8), 1263-1270, 2013
… Puerarin (PUE) is a good candidate for treating stroke, but its low concentration in brain after administration limits its curative efficacy. … The aim of the present work was to design and characterize PUE loaded poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (PBCN) coated with polysorbate 80 (Ps 80), and to evaluate the effect of PBCN on the permeability of PUE across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the effect of PUE loaded PBCN on the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. …
NAID 130003361487

Nicotinamide Restores the Reduction of Parvalbumin in Cerebral Ischemic Injury

KOH Phil-Ok
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 75(2), 225-229, 2013
… The aim of this study investigated whether nicotinamide affects parvalbumin expression in focal cerebral ischemic injury. … A proteomic approach revealed that MCAO induces decreases of parvalbumin levels, while nicotinamide treatment prevents injury-induced decreases in parvalbumin. … RT-PCR and Western blot analyses demonstrated that nicotinamide restores injury-induced decreases in parvalbumin. …
NAID 130001879631

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「TBI」「brain trauma」「brain contusion」「acute brain injury」「cortical contusion」
関連記事	「injury」「focal」「brain」