WordNet

(biochemistry) a drug that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiological reaction
a muscle that contracts while another relaxes; "when bending the elbow the biceps are the agonist"
someone involved in a contest or battle (as in an agon)
a person who is a participating member of an organization; "the club issues a list of members, both the actives and the retirees"
tending to become more severe or wider in scope; "active tuberculosis"
in operation; "keep hope alive"; "the tradition was still alive"; "an active tradition" (同)alive
engaged in or ready for military or naval operations; "on active duty"; "the platoon is combat-ready"; "review the fighting forces" (同)combat-ready, fighting
(used of verbs (e.g. `to run' (同)dynamic
taking part in an activity; "an active member of the club"; "he was politically active"; "the participating organizations" (同)participating
(of e.g. volcanos) capable of erupting
(of e.g. volcanos) erupting or liable to erupt; "active volcanos"
(of the sun) characterized by an increased occurrence of sunspots and flares and radio emissions
characterized by energetic activity; "an active toddler"; "active as a gazelle"; "an active man is a man of action"
disposed to take action or effectuate change; "a director who takes an active interest in corporate operations"; "an active antagonism"; "he was active in drawing attention to their grievances"
engaged in full-time work; "active duty"; "though past retirement age he is still active in his profession"
exerting influence or producing a change or effect; "an active ingredient"
expressing that the subject of the sentence has the semantic function of actor: "Hemingway favors active constructions"
full of activity or engaged in continuous activity; "an active seaport"; "an active bond market"; "an active account"
material of a particular kind or constitution; "the immune response recognizes invading substances"
a particular kind or species of matter with uniform properties; "shigella is one of the most toxic substances known to man"
the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists; "DNA is the substance of our genes"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『活動的な』,活発な,活気のある / 『有効な』,(薬の効力などが)まだ働いている,機能している / (軍務で)現役の / 『積極的な』,実際的な / 能動態の
〈U〉『物質』,物 / 〈U〉《the~》(…の)『趣旨』,本音《+of+名》 / 〈U〉(スープなどの)濃さ,こく,中身[の詰まっていること] / 〈U〉『実質』,実 / 〈U〉《古》財産,資産

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/28 19:04:05」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

An active ingredient (AI) is the substance in a pharmaceutical drug or a pesticide that is biologically active. The similar terms active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and bulk active are also used in medicine, and the term active substance may be used for pesticide formulations. Some medications and pesticide products may contain more than one active ingredient. The traditional word for the API is pharmacon or pharmakon (from Greek: (φάρμακον), adapted from pharmacos) which originally denoted a magical substance or drug.

A dosage form : the API, which is the drug itself; and an excipient, which is the substance of the tablet, or the liquid the API is suspended in, or other material that is pharmaceutically inert. Drugs are chosen primarily for their active ingredients. Because homeopathic products no longer have any biologically active ingredients, their list of ingredients refers to the original ingredients used in their preparation and the finished product no longer contains any active ingredients.

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients are made in several locations around the world. In the United Kingdom there is a significant number of members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) that manufacture, formulate and package API's for consumer use. Aesica Pharmaceuticals, Shasun Pharmaceuticals, Piramal Enterprises are based in Northumberland and Epax Pharmaceuticals on Teesside are companies that perform primary manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs) to cGMP standards. While Aesica, Piramal, MSD (Northumberland), Sanofi (Tyne & Wear) and GlaxoSmithKline (County Durham) are all secondary pharmaceutical manufacturers who formulate and package API's for consumer use. They all have large manufacturing facilities in the Northeast of England. Furthermore small quantity and specialty API's and pharmaceutical formulations are also manufactured by contract manufacturers Specials Labs and SCM Pharma in Northumberland. While Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies (Teesside) is one of the largest investments in the world into biopharmaceutical manufacturing and the company contract manufactures active biopharmaceuticals for a number of pharmaceutical companies. Pharmaceuticals make up a significant proportion of this regions exports. The region has over £13 billion of exports.^[1]

Pharmaceuticals[edit]

Patients often have difficulty identifying the active ingredients in their medication, and are often unaware of the notion of an active ingredient. When patients are on multiple medications, active ingredients can interfere with each other, often resulting in severe or life-threatening complications.^[2] There now exist online services which can identify the active ingredient of most medications, such as the Medicine Name Finder developed by the National Prescribing Service.^[3]

Herbal medicine[edit]

In phytopharmaceutical or herbal medicine, the active ingredient may be either unknown or may require cofactors in order to achieve therapeutic goals. This leads to complications in labelling. One way manufacturers have attempted to indicate strength is to engage in standardization to a marker compound. However, standardization has not been achieved yet: different companies use different markers, or different levels of the same markers, or different methods of testing for marker compounds. For instance, St John's wort is often standardized to the hypericin which is now known not to be the "active ingredient" for antidepressant use. Other companies standardize to hyperforin or both, although there may be some 24 known possible active constituents. Many herbalists believe that the active ingredient in a plant is the plant itself.^[4]

References[edit]

^ Laing, Ian (8 June 2012). "Northeast exports grow to record high of £13.75bn". The Journal. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^ Lee, D; Marks, JM. "Drug Interactions: Know the Ingredients, Consult Your Physician". Last reviewed April 14, 2009
^ Medicine Name Finder
^ 1992, American Herbalism edited by Michael Tierra Crossings Press

External links[edit]

Pesticide Active Ingredient Fact Sheets - National Pesticide Information Center

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Intermediates Base.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 重複診断：重度の精神障害と物質使用障害 dual diagnosis severe mental illness and substance use disorders
2. HIV感染患者における薬物乱用および中毒 substance abuse and addiction in hiv infected patients
3. 治療継続中の物質依存の臨床的管理 clinical management of substance dependence across the continuum of care
4. 鎮静剤および催眠剤の乱用および依存：薬理学および疫学 sedatives and hypnotics abuse and dependence pharmacology and epidemiology
5. インターフェロンα + リバビリン療法関連の神経精神学的副作用：認知と危険因子 neuropsychiatric side effects associated with interferon alfa plus ribavirin therapy recognition and risk factors

English Journal

Determining the transport mechanism of an enzyme-catalytic complex metabolic network based on biological robustness.

Wang L.SourceSchool of Mathematical Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China, wangleidlut@163.com.
Bioprocess and biosystems engineering.Bioprocess Biosyst Eng.2013 Apr;36(4):433-441. Epub 2012 Aug 23.
Understanding the transport mechanism of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) is of critical importance to do further research on gene regulation. Due to the lack of intracellular information, on the basis of enzyme-catalytic system, using biological robustness as performance index, we present a system identifi
PMID 22911053

Biodegradable polymers as encapsulation materials for cosmetics and personal care markets.

Ammala A.SourceCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Materials Science and Engineering, Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC, Victoria, 3169, Australia.
International journal of cosmetic science.Int J Cosmet Sci.2013 Apr;35(2):113-24. doi: 10.1111/ics.12017. Epub 2012 Nov 28.
The topical and transdermal delivery of active cosmetic ingredients requires safe and non-toxic means of reaching the target sites without causing any irritation. Preservation of the active ingredients is also essential during formulation, storage and application of the final product. As many biolog
PMID 23075204

Afferent regulation of chicken auditory brainstem neurons: rapid changes in phosphorylation of elongation factor 2.

McBride EG, Rubel EW, Wang Y.SourceVirginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2013 Apr 1;521(5):1165-83. doi: 10.1002/cne.23227.
The relationships between protein synthesis and neuronal survival are poorly understood. In chicken nucleus magnocellularis (NM), significant alterations in overall protein synthesis precede neuronal death induced by deprivation of excitatory afferent activity. Previously we demonstrated an initial
PMID 22987813

Japanese Journal

Control of Flowering by Phloem Exudate from Cotyledons of <I>Ipomoea tricolor</I> II. Low Molecular Weight Flower-inhibiting Substance(s)

Environmental Control in Biology 53(3), 129-133, 2015
NAID 130005100008

Oxidized dietary oils enhance immediate- and/or delayed-type allergic reactions in BALB/c mice

Allergology International 64(1), 66-72, 2015
NAID 130004873120

An Improved Efficient Synthesis of the Antibacterial Agent Torezolid

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 63(2), 143-146, 2015
NAID 130004803761

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「作用物質」「活性成分」「活性物質」「active ingredient」
拡張検索	「bioactive substance」「biologically active substance」「vitamin-like active substance」
関連記事	「active」「substance」