WordNet

a person who is a participating member of an organization; "the club issues a list of members, both the actives and the retirees"
tending to become more severe or wider in scope; "active tuberculosis"
in operation; "keep hope alive"; "the tradition was still alive"; "an active tradition" (同)alive
engaged in or ready for military or naval operations; "on active duty"; "the platoon is combat-ready"; "review the fighting forces" (同)combat-ready, fighting
(used of verbs (e.g. `to run' (同)dynamic
taking part in an activity; "an active member of the club"; "he was politically active"; "the participating organizations" (同)participating
(of e.g. volcanos) capable of erupting
(of e.g. volcanos) erupting or liable to erupt; "active volcanos"
(of the sun) characterized by an increased occurrence of sunspots and flares and radio emissions
characterized by energetic activity; "an active toddler"; "active as a gazelle"; "an active man is a man of action"
disposed to take action or effectuate change; "a director who takes an active interest in corporate operations"; "an active antagonism"; "he was active in drawing attention to their grievances"
engaged in full-time work; "active duty"; "though past retirement age he is still active in his profession"
exerting influence or producing a change or effect; "an active ingredient"
expressing that the subject of the sentence has the semantic function of actor: "Hemingway favors active constructions"
full of activity or engaged in continuous activity; "an active seaport"; "an active bond market"; "an active account"
a component of a mixture or compound
food that is a component of a mixture in cooking; "the recipe lists all the fixings for a salad" (同)fixings

PrepTutorEJDIC

『活動的な』,活発な,活気のある / 『有効な』,(薬の効力などが)まだ働いている,機能している / (軍務で)現役の / 『積極的な』,実際的な / 能動態の
(混合物の)成分,原料 / 構成要素

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/04 16:56:04」(JST)

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An active ingredient (AI) is the substance in a pharmaceutical drug or a pesticide that is biologically active. The similar terms active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and bulk active are also used in medicine, and the term active substance may be used for pesticide formulations. Some medications and pesticide products may contain more than one active ingredient. The traditional word for the API is pharmacon or pharmakon (from Greek: (φάρμακον), adapted from pharmacos) which originally denoted a magical substance or drug.

Pharmaceuticals

Patients often have difficulty identifying the active ingredients in their medication, and are often unaware of the notion of an active ingredient. When patients are on multiple medications, active ingredients can interfere with each other, often resulting in severe or life-threatening complications.^[1] There now exist online services which can identify the active ingredient of most medications, such as the Medicines database providing information on medications available in Australia.^[2]

A dosage form : the API, which is the drug itself; and an excipient, which is the substance of the tablet, or the liquid the API is suspended in, or other material that is pharmaceutically inert. Drugs are chosen primarily for their active ingredients. Because homeopathic products no longer have any biologically active ingredients, their list of ingredients refers to the original ingredients used in their preparation and the finished product no longer contains any active ingredients.

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients are made in several locations around the world. In the United Kingdom there is a significant number of members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) that manufacture, formulate and package API's for consumer use. Aesica Pharmaceuticals, Shasun Pharmaceuticals, Piramal Enterprises are based in Northumberland and Epax Pharmaceuticals on Teesside are companies that perform primary manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs) to cGMP standards. While Aesica, Piramal, MSD (Northumberland), Sanofi (Tyne & Wear) and GlaxoSmithKline (County Durham) are all secondary pharmaceutical manufacturers who formulate and package API's for consumer use. They all have large manufacturing facilities in the Northeast of England. Furthermore small quantity and specialty API's and pharmaceutical formulations are also manufactured by contract manufacturers Specials Labs and SCM Pharma in Northumberland. While Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies (Teesside) is one of the largest investments in the world into biopharmaceutical manufacturing and the company contract manufactures active biopharmaceuticals for a number of pharmaceutical companies. Pharmaceuticals make up a significant proportion of this regions exports. The region has over £13 billion of exports.^[3]

Herbal medicine

In phytopharmaceutical or herbal medicine, the active ingredient may be either unknown or may require cofactors in order to achieve therapeutic goals. This leads to complications in labelling. One way manufacturers have attempted to indicate strength is to engage in standardization to a marker compound. However, standardization has not been achieved yet: different companies use different markers, or different levels of the same markers, or different methods of testing for marker compounds. For instance, St John's wort is often standardized to the hypericin which is now known not to be the "active ingredient" for antidepressant use. Other companies standardize to hyperforin or both, although there may be some 24 known possible active constituents. Many herbalists believe that the active ingredient in a plant is the plant itself.^[4]

References

^ Lee, Dennis; Marks, Jay M. (ed.) (April 14, 2009). "Drug Interactions: Know the Ingredients, Consult Your Physician". MedicineNet.
^ "Medicines". NPS MedicineWise. October 28, 2012.
^ Laing, Ian (8 June 2012). "Northeast exports grow to record high of £13.75bn". The Journal. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^ 1992, American Herbalism edited by Michael Tierra Crossings Press

External links

Pesticide Active Ingredient Fact Sheets - National Pesticide Information Center

UpToDate Contents

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5. LSDおよび他の一般的な幻覚剤による中毒 intoxication from lsd and other common hallucinogens

English Journal

Characterization of sildenafil citrate tablets of different sources by near infrared chemical imaging and chemometric tools.

Sabin GP, Lozano VA, Rocha WF, Romão W, Ortiz RS, Poppi RJ.SourceInstitute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2013 Nov;85:207-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.036. Epub 2013 Aug 6.
The chemical imaging technique by near infrared spectroscopy was applied for characterization of formulations in tablets of sildenafil citrate of six different sources. Five formulations were provided by Brazilian Federal Police and correspond to several trademarks of prohibited marketing and one wa
PMID 23962562

Analyses of marketplace tacrolimus drug product quality: Bioactivity, NMR and LC-MS.

Sommers CD, Pang ES, Ghasriani H, Berendt RT, Vilker VL, Keire DA, Boyne MT 2nd.SourceUS Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, MO 63101, United States.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2013 Nov;85:108-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.001. Epub 2013 Jul 12.
Tacrolimus (FK506) is a potent, narrow therapeutic index, immunosuppressive drug used to avoid organ rejection in patients that have undergone organ transplantation. Recent clinical reports suggested a significant reduction in the tacrolimus concentration/dose ratio in the plasma of liver and kidney
PMID 23917038

Inline monitoring and a PAT strategy for pharmaceutical hot melt extrusion.

Wahl PR, Treffer D, Mohr S, Roblegg E, Koscher G, Khinast JG.SourceResearch Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
International journal of pharmaceutics.Int J Pharm.2013 Oct 15;455(1-2):159-68. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.044. Epub 2013 Jul 31.
Implementation of continuous manufacturing in the pharmaceutical industry requires tight process control. This study focuses on a PAT strategy for hot melt extrusion of vegetable calcium stearate (CaSt) as matrix carrier and paracetamol as active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The extrusion was mo
PMID 23911343

Japanese Journal

Development and Validation of a Sensitive GC-MS Method for the Determination of Alkylating Agent, 4-Chloro-1-butanol, in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Harigaya Koki,Yamada Hiroyuki,Yaku Koji [他]
Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin 62(4), 395-398, 2014-04
NAID 40020030141

Novel Sensitive Determination Method for a Genotoxic Alkylating Agent, 4-Chloro-1-butanol, in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients by LC-ICP-MS Employing Iodo Derivatization

HARIGAYA Koki,YAMADA Hiroyuki,YAKU Koji [他]
Analytical Sciences 30(3), 377-382, 2014-03
NAID 40020017621

直接的レニン阻害剤ラジレス®錠の物理薬剤学的特性に対する温度と湿度の影響

中村有貴,中島孝則,岩田政則,林祥弘,髙山幸三,齋藤博,佐古兼一,松田佳和,木村正幸
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 134(4), 555-561, 2014
… Rasilez® tablets (RTs) contain the active ingredient aliskiren, which is a direct renin inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system and used for the treatment of hypertension. …
NAID 130003391189